Table 5.
Two-sex multigenerational mobility models for men and women aged 25–65
| Variable | Men
|
Women
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2-Generation | 3-Generation | 3-Generation (constraints) | 2-Generation | 3-Generation | 3-Generation (constraints) | |
| Father’s Education (ref. = 0–11) | ||||||
| 12 | 0.454*** (0.091) | 0.362*** (0.093) | 0.362*** (0.093) | 0.476*** (0.086) | 0.366*** (0.089) | 0.369*** (0.089) |
| 13–15 | 0.869*** (0.113) | 0.699*** (0.117) | 0.701*** (0.116) | 0.707*** (0.108) | 0.527*** (0.110) | 0.531*** (0.110) |
| 16+ | 1.517*** (0.114) | 1.330*** (0.118) | 1.327*** (0.131) | 1.416*** (0.115) | 1.223*** (0.119) | 1.219*** (0.118) |
| Mother’s Education (ref. = 0–11) | ||||||
| 12 | 0.644*** (0.097) | 0.556*** (0.099) | 0.553*** (0.099) | 0.750*** (0.092) | 0.609*** (0.095) | 0.611*** (0.095) |
| 13–15 | 0.956*** (0.117) | 0.819*** (0.119) | 0.820*** (0.119) | 1.193*** (0.112) | 0.980*** (0.115) | 0.981*** (0.115) |
| 16+ | 1.590*** (0.129) | 1.412*** (0.131) | 1.410*** (0.130) | 2.008*** (0.134) | 1.753*** (0.140) | 1.755*** (0.139) |
| Paternal Grandfather (ref. = 0–11) | ||||||
| 12 | -- | 0.206* (0.090) | 0.143* (0.061) | -- | 0.101 (0.092) | 0.049 (0.062) |
| 13–15 | -- | 0.138 (0.126) | 0.198* (0.088) | -- | 0.130 (0.127) | 0.087 (0.093) |
| 16+ | -- | 0.399** (0.128) | 0.392*** (0.086) | -- | 0.396** (0.127) | 0.307*** (0.088) |
| Paternal Grandmother (ref. = 0–11) | ||||||
| 12 | -- | 0.124 (0.086) | 0.154** (0.059) | -- | 0.263** (0.088) | 0.277*** (0.059) |
| 13–15 | -- | 0.106 (0.118) | 0.091 (0.079) | -- | 0.371** (0.123) | 0.447*** (0.084) |
| 16+ | -- | 0.187 (0.142) | 0.206* (0.095) | -- | 0.138 (0.134) | 0.200* (0.097) |
| Maternal grandfather (ref: 0–11) | ||||||
| 12 | -- | 0.082 (0.091) | 0.143* (0.061) | -- | 0.002 (0.090) | 0.049 (0.062) |
| 13–15 | -- | 0.257* (0.125) | 0.198* (0.088) | -- | 0.039 (0.131) | 0.087 (0.093) |
| 16+ | -- | 0.392** (0.124) | 0.392*** (0.086) | -- | 0.210 (0.136) | 0.307*** (0.088) |
| Maternal Grandmother (ref. = 0–11) | ||||||
| 12 | -- | 0.182* (0.089) | 0.154** (0.059) | -- | 0.294*** (0.088) | 0.277*** (0.059) |
| 13–15 | -- | 0.069 (0.115) | 0.091 (0.079) | -- | 0.519*** (0.122) | 0.447*** (0.084) |
| 16+ | -- | 0.216 (0.137) | 0.206* (0.095) | -- | 0.269 (0.149) | 0.200* (0.097) |
| Cut Point 1 | −0.856*** (0.089) | −0.735*** (0.091) | −0.733*** (0.090) | −1.228*** (0.086) | −1.109*** (0.087) | −1.106*** (0.087) |
| Cut Point 2 | 1.414*** (0.092) | 1.563*** (0.094) | 1.563*** (0.094) | 1.208*** (0.083) | 1.360*** (0.085) | 1.363*** (0.085) |
| Cut Point 3 | 2.765*** (0.100) | 2.935*** (0.104) | 2.935*** (0.103) | 2.547*** (0.092) | 2.725*** (0.094) | 2.727*** (0.094) |
| N | 3,352 | 3,352 | 3,352 | 3,385 | 3,385 | 3,385 |
| Log-Likelihood | −4,047.9 | −4,012.4 | −4,013.5 | −3,958.6 | −3,913.5 | −3,914.2 |
| Brant Test | 13.9 | 37.2 | 37.2 | 20.9 | 41.7 | 41.7 |
Notes: A significant result from the Brant test indicates that the proportional odds assumption in the ordered logistic model is violated. Numbers in parentheses are robust standard errors.
Source: Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 1968–2013.
*
p < .05;
**
p < .01;
***
p < .001 (two-tailed tests)