Table 4. Hierarchical regression examining the effect of pain outcomes on perceived injustice (n = 413).
| Mean (sd) | βUnadj | β (95% CI) | Model statistics | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Step 1: Pre-injury characteristics | R2 = 6.2% | ||||
| Sex | Male (ref) | 16.13 (13.32) | — | — | |
| Females | 16.55 (14.59) | 0.42 | -1.02 (-2.00, 4.05) | ||
| Age at injury | <25 years (ref) | 18.13 (15.38) | — | — | |
| 25–34 years | 13.15 (12.45) | -4.98 | -3.75 (-8.93, 1.43) | ||
| 35–44 years | 17.19 (13.52) | -0.95 | -1.09 (-6.27, 4.08) | ||
| 45–54 years | 18.47 (13.45) | 0.33 | -0.29 (-5.28, 4.71) | ||
| 55–64 years | 15.03 (13.58) | -3.11 | -4.09 (-8.99, 0.82) | ||
| 65+ years | 14.21 (13.01) | -3.93 | -4.00 (-11.12, 3.12) | ||
| Education | University degree (ref) | 12.62 (12.13) | — | — | |
| Diploma | 18.02 (13.13) | 5.40* | 5.09 (1.88, 8.30)* | ||
| Year 12 | 14.89 (13.82) | 2.27 | 1.54 (-2.39, 5.47) | ||
| Years 11 and below | 20.08 (15.22) | 7.46* | 7.02 (2.94, 11.09)* | ||
| Work status before injury | Unemployed (ref) | 17.68 (14.27) | — | — | |
| Working | 16.02 (13.55) | -1.67 | -1.36 (-5.60, 2.89) | ||
| Comorbidity | None (ref) | 15.99 (13.60) | — | — | |
| ≥ one comorbidity | 16.67 (13.75) | 0.68 | 0.17 (-2.62, 2.96) | ||
| Step 2: Injury outcomes | ΔR2 = 4.6%; p<0.001 | ||||
| Injury Severity (count of regions with moderate-critical injuries) | 2.01* | 1.14 (-0.06, 2.33) | |||
| Length of Hospital Stay | 0.39* | 0.29 (0.14, 0.44)* | |||
| Step 3: Compensation-related outcomes | ΔR2 = 19.5%; p<0.001 | ||||
| Compensation status | None (ref) | 13.66 (12.51) | |||
| TAC/WorkSafe | 20.31 (14.39) | 6.65* | 0.49 (-2.30, 3.28) | ||
| Fault | Self (ref) | 11.94 (11.10) | |||
| Not at Fault | 20.50 (14.62) | 8.57* | 4.33 (1.93, 6.74)* | ||
| Consulted a lawyer in first 12-months | No (ref) | 12.85 (11.70) | |||
| Yes | 29.07 (13.14) | 16.22* | 13.00 (9.52, 16.47)* | ||
| Step 4: Functional status | ΔR2 = 18.4%; p<0.001 | ||||
| SF-12 Physical functioning | -0.67* | -0.43 (-0.54, -0.33)* | |||
| SF-12 Mental functioning | -0.56* | -0.38 (-0.50, -0.27)* | |||
| Step 5: Pain-related outcomes (entered into the separate model) | |||||
| Pain severity (BPI) | 3.72* | 1.75 (1.07, 2.44)* | ΔR2 = 3.5%; p<0.001 | ||
| Pain interference (BPI) | 3.50* | 2.05 (1.45, 2.66)* | ΔR2 = 6.0%; p<0.001 | ||
| Pain Catastrophizing (PCS) | 0.82* | 0.50 (0.39, 0.61)* | ΔR2 = 8.6%; p<0.001 | ||
| Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK) | 0.91* | 0.48 (0.34, 0.62)* | ΔR2 = 6.2%; p<0.001 | ||
| Pain Self-Efficacy (PSEQ) | -0.61* | -0.34 (-0.45, -0.22)* | ΔR2 = 6.6%; p<0.001 | ||
| Disability (RMDQ) | 1.59* | 1.02 (0.75, 1.28)* | ΔR2 = 7.1%; p<0.001 | ||
Abbreviations: ref = reference category; SE = standard error; SF-12 = 12-item Short Form
* H0: β = 0; p<0.05.