Table 2.

Comparative summary of approaches for multiplex electrochemical detection of cancer biomarker proteins

Approach	Label	Biomarkers	Detection Limit	Linear Range	Ref.
Amperometry	HRP-Ab2	IL-8	7.4 pg/mL	0.01–12.5 ng/mL	[54]
	HRP-Anti fluorescein	IL-8-mRNA	3.9 fM	0.005–50 pM
	MWNT-HRP-Ab2	IL-8	8 pg/mL	8–1000 pg/mL	[55]
		PSA	5 pg/mL	5–000 pg/mL
	MP-HRP-Ab2	PSA	0.23 pg/mL	0.225–5 pg/mL	[87]
		IL-6	0.30 pg/mL	0.3–20 pg/mL
	HRP-Ab2	CEA	1.1 µg/L	1.1–188 µg/L	[57]
		AFP	1.7 µg/L	1.7–250 µg/L
		β-hCG	1.2 IU/L	1.2–256 IU/L
		CA 125	1.7 kIU/L	1.7–334 kIU/L
	ALP-Ab2	AFP	1.4 ng/mL	75–300 ng/mL	[76]
		Ferritin	7.0 ng/mL	50–200 ng/mL
		CEA	1.2 ng/mL	12.5–100 ng/mL
		hCG-β	1.8 ng/mL	12.5–100 ng/mL
		CA 15-3	0.7 U/mL	75–300 ng/mL
		CA 125	1.2 U/mL	12.5–100 ng/mL
		CA 19-9	1.0 U/mL	25–100 ng/mL
	HRP-Ab2	CEA	0.2 ng/mL	0.2–200 ng/mL	[85]
		CA 15-3	5.2 U/mL	5.2–100 U/mL
	Ab2-MB-HRP	IL-6	5 fg/mL	5–1000 fg/mL	[88]
		IL-8	10 fg/mL	10–1000 fg/mL
		VEGF	5 fg/mL	5–1000 fg/mL
		VEGF-C	50 fg/mL	50–1500 fg/mL
	Ab2-MB-HRP	IL-6	5 fg/mL	5–2500 fg/mL	[89]
		IL-8	7 fg/mL	7–3750 fg/mL
	Ab2-MB-HRP	IL-6	18 fg/mL	0.018–4.5 pg/mL	[50]
		TNF-α	10 fg/mL	0.01–12 pg/mL
		CRP	15 fg/mL	0.015–11 pg/mL
		IL-1β	40 fg/mL	0.04–22 pg/mL
Square Wave Voltammetry	AuNR-HRP-Ab2	p53392	5 pM	0.01–20 nM	[59]
		p5315	20 pM	0.05–20 nM
		p5346	30 pM	0.1–50 nM
		p53	10 pM	0.05–20 nM
	NSC-Ab2	CA 125	0.08 mU/mL	0.0001–100 U/mL	[98]
		CA 199	0.10 mU/mL	0.0001–100 U/mL
Cyclic voltammetry	AuNR-HRP-Ab2	PSA	0.1 ng/mL	0.1–10 ng/mL	[60]
		IL-6	5 pg/mL	5–1000 pg/mL
		PSMA	0.8 ng/mL	0.8–400 ng/mL
	NiFe2O4-SiO2-Ab2	AFP	< 0.5 µg/L	2–180 µg/L	[84]
		CEA	< 0.5 µg/L	1.5–200 µg/L
		CA 125	< 0.5 µg/L	3.2–60 kU/L
		CA 15-3	< 0.5 µg/L	2.5–240 kU/L
	NGC-McAb2	CEA	0.06 pg/mL	0.0001–100 ng/mL	[97]
		AFP	0.08 pg/mL	0.0001–100 ng/mL

NSC – Nanoporous silver chitosan; ngNGS – Nanoporous gold chitosan; MP – Superparamagnetic particle