Table 2.
Approach | Label | Biomarkers | Detection Limit | Linear Range | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amperometry | HRP-Ab2 | IL-8 | 7.4 pg/mL | 0.01–12.5 ng/mL | [54] |
HRP-Anti fluorescein | IL-8-mRNA | 3.9 fM | 0.005–50 pM | ||
MWNT-HRP-Ab2 | IL-8 | 8 pg/mL | 8–1000 pg/mL | [55] | |
PSA | 5 pg/mL | 5–000 pg/mL | |||
MP-HRP-Ab2 | PSA | 0.23 pg/mL | 0.225–5 pg/mL | [87] | |
IL-6 | 0.30 pg/mL | 0.3–20 pg/mL | |||
HRP-Ab2 | CEA | 1.1 µg/L | 1.1–188 µg/L | [57] | |
AFP | 1.7 µg/L | 1.7–250 µg/L | |||
β-hCG | 1.2 IU/L | 1.2–256 IU/L | |||
CA 125 | 1.7 kIU/L | 1.7–334 kIU/L | |||
ALP-Ab2 | AFP | 1.4 ng/mL | 75–300 ng/mL | [76] | |
Ferritin | 7.0 ng/mL | 50–200 ng/mL | |||
CEA | 1.2 ng/mL | 12.5–100 ng/mL | |||
hCG-β | 1.8 ng/mL | 12.5–100 ng/mL | |||
CA 15-3 | 0.7 U/mL | 75–300 ng/mL | |||
CA 125 | 1.2 U/mL | 12.5–100 ng/mL | |||
CA 19-9 | 1.0 U/mL | 25–100 ng/mL | |||
HRP-Ab2 | CEA | 0.2 ng/mL | 0.2–200 ng/mL | [85] | |
CA 15-3 | 5.2 U/mL | 5.2–100 U/mL | |||
Ab2-MB-HRP | IL-6 | 5 fg/mL | 5–1000 fg/mL | [88] | |
IL-8 | 10 fg/mL | 10–1000 fg/mL | |||
VEGF | 5 fg/mL | 5–1000 fg/mL | |||
VEGF-C | 50 fg/mL | 50–1500 fg/mL | |||
Ab2-MB-HRP | IL-6 | 5 fg/mL | 5–2500 fg/mL | [89] | |
IL-8 | 7 fg/mL | 7–3750 fg/mL | |||
Ab2-MB-HRP | IL-6 | 18 fg/mL | 0.018–4.5 pg/mL | [50] | |
TNF-α | 10 fg/mL | 0.01–12 pg/mL | |||
CRP | 15 fg/mL | 0.015–11 pg/mL | |||
IL-1β | 40 fg/mL | 0.04–22 pg/mL | |||
Square Wave Voltammetry | AuNR-HRP-Ab2 | p53392 | 5 pM | 0.01–20 nM | [59] |
p5315 | 20 pM | 0.05–20 nM | |||
p5346 | 30 pM | 0.1–50 nM | |||
p53 | 10 pM | 0.05–20 nM | |||
NSC-Ab2 | CA 125 | 0.08 mU/mL | 0.0001–100 U/mL | [98] | |
CA 199 | 0.10 mU/mL | 0.0001–100 U/mL | |||
Cyclic voltammetry | AuNR-HRP-Ab2 | PSA | 0.1 ng/mL | 0.1–10 ng/mL | [60] |
IL-6 | 5 pg/mL | 5–1000 pg/mL | |||
PSMA | 0.8 ng/mL | 0.8–400 ng/mL | |||
NiFe2O4-SiO2-Ab2 | AFP | < 0.5 µg/L | 2–180 µg/L | [84] | |
CEA | < 0.5 µg/L | 1.5–200 µg/L | |||
CA 125 | < 0.5 µg/L | 3.2–60 kU/L | |||
CA 15-3 | < 0.5 µg/L | 2.5–240 kU/L | |||
NGC-McAb2 | CEA | 0.06 pg/mL | 0.0001–100 ng/mL | [97] | |
AFP | 0.08 pg/mL | 0.0001–100 ng/mL |
NSC – Nanoporous silver chitosan; ngNGS – Nanoporous gold chitosan; MP – Superparamagnetic particle