Table 3.
Approach | Label | Biomarkers | Detection Limit | Linear Range | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence | QD-SiO2-Ab2 | AFP | 5 pg/mL | 0.01–50 ng/mL | [79] |
CEA | 6 pg/mL | 0.01–50 ng/mL | |||
PSA | 3 pg/mL | 0.01–50 ng/mL | |||
RuBPY-Si-PLL-Ab2 | CA 199 | 0.01 U/L | 0.03–80 U/L | [80] | |
CEA | 0.02 pg/mL | 0.05–100 pg/mL | |||
Th-SiO2-Ab2 | AFP | NA | 0.07–14 ng/mL | [81] | |
PSA | NA | 0.0005–100 ng/mL | |||
QDs-Ab2 | AFP | 0.4 fg/mL | 1–100 fg/mL | [82] | |
CEA | 0.4 fg/mL | 1–100 fg/mL | |||
(P-acid)-NPS | CEA | 0.8 pg/mL | 0.003–20 ng/mL | [96] | |
PSA | 1 pg/mL | 0.001–10 ng/mL | |||
RuBPY-SiO2-Ab2 | IL-6 | 0.25 pg/mL | 0.00025-2 ng/mL | [83] | |
PSA | 1 pg/mL | 0.001–10 ng/mL | |||
RuBPY-SiO2-Ab2 | IL-6 | 100 fg/mL | 0.0001-5 ng/mL | [92] | |
PF-4 | 10 fg/mL | 0.0001-5 ng/mL | |||
PSA | 50 fg/mL | 0.0001-1 ng/mL | |||
PSMA | 100 fg/mL | 0.0001-10 ng/mL | |||
RuBPY-SiO2-Ab2 | PF-4 | 420 fg/mL | 0.0005-10 ng/mL | [95] | |
PSA | 300 fg/mL | 0.0005-10 ng/mL | |||
PSMA | 535 fg/mL | 0.0005-10 ng/mL | |||
Differential Pulse Voltammetry | AuNPs-HRP-Ab2 | CA 153 | 0.2 kU/L | 0.4–140 kU/L | [43] |
CA 125 | 0.5 kU/L | 0.5–330 kU/L | |||
CA 199 | 0.3 kU/L | 0.8–190 kU/L | |||
CEA | 0.1 µg/L | 0.1–44 µg/L | |||
Fc-Au-HRP-Ab2 | AFP | 1 pg/mL | 0.01–200 ng/mL | [44] | |
Thi-Au-HRP-Ab2 | CEA | 1 pg/mL | 0.01–80 ng/mL | ||
HRP-Ab2 | CA 19-9 | 0.2 U/mL | 0.2–144 U/mL | [42] | |
CA 125 | 0.4 U/mL | 0.4–150 U/mL | |||
CNT-AuNP-GOx-Ab2 | AFP | 2.2 pg/mL | 0.0025–2.5 ng/mL | [56] | |
CEA | 1.4 pg/mL | 0.0025–2.0 ng/mL | |||
AuNP-HRP-Ab2 | CA 153 | 0.06 U/mL | 0.084–16 U/mL | [58] | |
CA 125 | 0.03 U/mL | 0.11–13 U/mL | |||
CA 199 | 0.10 U/mL | 0.16–15 U/mL | |||
CEA | 0.04 ng/mL | 0.16–9.2 ng/mL | |||
SiO2-GOx-Ab2 | CEA | 3.2 pg/mL | 0.005-2 ng/mL | [62] | |
AFP | 4.0 pg/mL | 0.005-1 ng/mL | |||
rGO-Au-Thi-Ab2 | CEA | 0.650 pg/mL | 0.01–300 ng/mL | [64] | |
rGO-Au-PB-Ab2 | AFP | 0.885 pg/mL | 0.01–300 ng/mL | ||
PtPNPs-Cd-Ab2 | CEA | 0.002 ng/mL | 0.05–200 ng/mL | [71] | |
PtPNPs-Cu-Ab2 | AFP | 0.05 ng/mL | 0.05–200 ng/mL | ||
PBNP-Au-Ab2 | CEA | 0.01 ng/mL | 0.01–100 ng/mL | [72] | |
Cd-Au-Ab2 | AFP | 0.006 ng/mL | 0.01–100 ng/mL | ||
Stripping Voltammetry | AuNP-Ab2 | CEA | 3.5 pg/mL | 5–5000 pg/mL | [67] |
AFP | 3.9 pg/mL | 5–5000 pg/mL | |||
CNT-Ag-Ab2 | CEA | 0.093 pg/mL | 0.1–5000 pg/mL | ||
AFP | 0.061 pg/mL | 0.1–5000 pg/mL | [70] | ||
SA-Au-CNH-Ab2 | AFP | 0.024 pg/mL | 0.1–1000 pg/mL | ||
CEA | 0.032 pg/mL | 0.1–1000 pg/mL | [73] |