Table 3.

Comparative summary of approaches for multiplex electrochemical detection of cancer biomarker proteins

Approach	Label	Biomarkers	Detection Limit	Linear Range	Ref.
Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence	QD-SiO2-Ab2	AFP	5 pg/mL	0.01–50 ng/mL	[79]
		CEA	6 pg/mL	0.01–50 ng/mL
		PSA	3 pg/mL	0.01–50 ng/mL
	RuBPY-Si-PLL-Ab2	CA 199	0.01 U/L	0.03–80 U/L	[80]
		CEA	0.02 pg/mL	0.05–100 pg/mL
	Th-SiO2-Ab2	AFP	NA	0.07–14 ng/mL	[81]
		PSA	NA	0.0005–100 ng/mL
	QDs-Ab2	AFP	0.4 fg/mL	1–100 fg/mL	[82]
		CEA	0.4 fg/mL	1–100 fg/mL
	(P-acid)-NPS	CEA	0.8 pg/mL	0.003–20 ng/mL	[96]
		PSA	1 pg/mL	0.001–10 ng/mL
	RuBPY-SiO2-Ab2	IL-6	0.25 pg/mL	0.00025-2 ng/mL	[83]
		PSA	1 pg/mL	0.001–10 ng/mL
	RuBPY-SiO2-Ab2	IL-6	100 fg/mL	0.0001-5 ng/mL	[92]
		PF-4	10 fg/mL	0.0001-5 ng/mL
		PSA	50 fg/mL	0.0001-1 ng/mL
		PSMA	100 fg/mL	0.0001-10 ng/mL
	RuBPY-SiO2-Ab2	PF-4	420 fg/mL	0.0005-10 ng/mL	[95]
		PSA	300 fg/mL	0.0005-10 ng/mL
		PSMA	535 fg/mL	0.0005-10 ng/mL
Differential Pulse Voltammetry	AuNPs-HRP-Ab2	CA 153	0.2 kU/L	0.4–140 kU/L	[43]
		CA 125	0.5 kU/L	0.5–330 kU/L
		CA 199	0.3 kU/L	0.8–190 kU/L
		CEA	0.1 µg/L	0.1–44 µg/L
	Fc-Au-HRP-Ab2	AFP	1 pg/mL	0.01–200 ng/mL	[44]
	Thi-Au-HRP-Ab2	CEA	1 pg/mL	0.01–80 ng/mL
	HRP-Ab2	CA 19-9	0.2 U/mL	0.2–144 U/mL	[42]
		CA 125	0.4 U/mL	0.4–150 U/mL
	CNT-AuNP-GOx-Ab2	AFP	2.2 pg/mL	0.0025–2.5 ng/mL	[56]
		CEA	1.4 pg/mL	0.0025–2.0 ng/mL
	AuNP-HRP-Ab2	CA 153	0.06 U/mL	0.084–16 U/mL	[58]
		CA 125	0.03 U/mL	0.11–13 U/mL
		CA 199	0.10 U/mL	0.16–15 U/mL
		CEA	0.04 ng/mL	0.16–9.2 ng/mL
	SiO2-GOx-Ab2	CEA	3.2 pg/mL	0.005-2 ng/mL	[62]
		AFP	4.0 pg/mL	0.005-1 ng/mL
	rGO-Au-Thi-Ab2	CEA	0.650 pg/mL	0.01–300 ng/mL	[64]
	rGO-Au-PB-Ab2	AFP	0.885 pg/mL	0.01–300 ng/mL
	PtPNPs-Cd-Ab2	CEA	0.002 ng/mL	0.05–200 ng/mL	[71]
	PtPNPs-Cu-Ab2	AFP	0.05 ng/mL	0.05–200 ng/mL
	PBNP-Au-Ab2	CEA	0.01 ng/mL	0.01–100 ng/mL	[72]
	Cd-Au-Ab2	AFP	0.006 ng/mL	0.01–100 ng/mL
Stripping Voltammetry	AuNP-Ab2	CEA	3.5 pg/mL	5–5000 pg/mL	[67]
		AFP	3.9 pg/mL	5–5000 pg/mL
	CNT-Ag-Ab2	CEA	0.093 pg/mL	0.1–5000 pg/mL
		AFP	0.061 pg/mL	0.1–5000 pg/mL	[70]
	SA-Au-CNH-Ab2	AFP	0.024 pg/mL	0.1–1000 pg/mL
		CEA	0.032 pg/mL	0.1–1000 pg/mL	[73]