Table 2.1.
Species | Experimental method | Anatomic site | Young’s modulus (MPa) | Ultimate strength (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Human | Uniaxial tension | Thorax/neck | 11[16] | |
Abdomen/back/arm/foot | 9.5[16] | |||
Leg/hand | (ivv*) 4.6–20 [17][18] | 7.3[16] | ||
Face/head/external genitals | 3.7[16] | |||
| ||||
torsion | Dorsal forearm | (ivv) 0.42–0.85 [17] | ||
Ventral forearm | (ivv) 1.12 [17] | |||
| ||||
suction | Various sites | (ivv) 0.13–0.26[17][19] | ||
Volar forearm | (ivv) 0.129±88[20] | |||
| ||||
indentation | Volar Forearm | (ivv) 0.0045–0.008[21] | ||
Thigh | 0.00199[17][22] | |||
Forearm | 0.00109–0.00151[17][22] |
(e) indicates ex vivo test, (ivv) indicates in vivo test, and (ivtr) indicates in vitro test