Table 5.

Electrical properties of healthy skin

Layer	Frequency (Hz)	Conductivity (S/m)	Relative permittivity
Stratum corneum	Direct Current (DC)	1.25×10−5 [43]
	2		104 [43]
	104	0.0001[16]	1100[16]
	105	0.001[16]	1005[16]
	106	0.02[16]	450[16]
Lower-lying layers	Direct Current (DC)	0.227[43]
	2		1.2×106 [43]
Skin as a single layer (in vivo)	108	0.33–0.53[16]	48.7–65.7[16]
	5×108	0.43–0.73[16]	32.7–47.1[16]
	109	0.48–1.0[16]	30.2–43.5[16]
Skin as a single layer (in vitro)	9.4×109	3.06[16]	43.5[16]
	1.8×1010	8.39[16]	35.5[16]
	2.4×1010	17.1[16]	23[16]