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. 2017 Jun 5;7:2775. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01894-y

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cathepsin S inhibition has a rapid potent effect on albuminuria. Kidney sections of 19 week old MRL-(Fas)lpr mice of all groups were stained for WT1 and nephrin to quantify podocytes per glomerular cross section (A). Representative images are shown in (B) at an original magnification of x400 (scale 25 µm). Urinary albumin/creatinine (A/C) ratio was determined every 2 weeks and is expressed at logarithmic scale (C). Note that the highest dose of RO5459072 reduced A/C ratio quickly at 2 log scales more than MMF. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were determined at the same time points. Note the linear increae of BUN with time in vehicle-treated mice, while all treatments significantly reduced BUN (D). Data are expressed as means ± SEM (n = 8 to 10 in each treatment group). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 versus vehicle group. ^#p < 0.05 base line values versus week 19 values.