Table 1.

Overview of two strategies of fabricating high drug-loading nanomedicines with porous materials as carriers

Strategy	Structure diagram	Main drug-loading mechanism	Application range	Drug-loading content	References
Inorganic porous materials as carriers	MSNPs/MCSNPs/MMSNPs MCNPs MMCNCs	Noncovalent electrostatic and/or π–π stacking and/or hydrogen bond and/or hydrophobic interaction with carry materials	Hydrophobic drugs mostly; peptides, proteins, and gene drugs sometimes	≤69.3 wt% ≤59.7 wt% ≤35 wt%	11, 27–37, 39–42, 48 12, 57, 59–64, 63, 73, 78 80–84, 88, 90, 95
MOFs as carriers	MOFs	Coordinate bond and/or π–π stacking and/or hydrophobic interaction	Hydrophobic drugs mostly; gas drugs sometimes	≤58.3 wt%	108–120
Protein NPs as carriers	PNPs	Covalent bond with protein scaffold and/or π–π stacking, hydrophobic interaction with surface of PNPs and/or crystallization	Hydrophobic drugs mostly; peptides and gene drugs sometimes	≤44.9 wt%	122–126

Abbreviations: MCNPs, mesoporous carbon nanoparticles; MCSNPs, mesoporous calcium silicate nanoparticles; MMCNCs, mesoporous magnetic colloidal nanocrystal clusters; MMSNPs, mesoporous magnesium silicate nanoparticles; MOFs, metal-organic frameworks; MSNPs, mesoporous silica nanoparticles; PNPs, protein nanoparticles; wt, weight.