Table 1.
Strategy | Structure diagram | Main drug-loading mechanism | Application range | Drug-loading content | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inorganic porous materials as carriers |
MSNPs/MCSNPs/MMSNPs MCNPs MMCNCs |
Noncovalent electrostatic and/or π–π stacking and/or hydrogen bond and/or hydrophobic interaction with carry materials | Hydrophobic drugs mostly; peptides, proteins, and gene drugs sometimes | ≤69.3 wt% ≤59.7 wt% ≤35 wt% |
11, 27–37, 39–42, 48 12, 57, 59–64, 63, 73, 78 80–84, 88, 90, 95 |
MOFs as carriers | MOFs | Coordinate bond and/or π–π stacking and/or hydrophobic interaction | Hydrophobic drugs mostly; gas drugs sometimes | ≤58.3 wt% | 108–120 |
Protein NPs as carriers | PNPs | Covalent bond with protein scaffold and/or π–π stacking, hydrophobic interaction with surface of PNPs and/or crystallization | Hydrophobic drugs mostly; peptides and gene drugs sometimes | ≤44.9 wt% | 122–126 |
Abbreviations: MCNPs, mesoporous carbon nanoparticles; MCSNPs, mesoporous calcium silicate nanoparticles; MMCNCs, mesoporous magnetic colloidal nanocrystal clusters; MMSNPs, mesoporous magnesium silicate nanoparticles; MOFs, metal-organic frameworks; MSNPs, mesoporous silica nanoparticles; PNPs, protein nanoparticles; wt, weight.