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. 2017 Jun 6;8:233. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00233

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Effect of co-ultraPEALut on behavioral changes in vascular dementia (VaD) mice. (A,B) Effects of co-ultraPEALut treatment on Reciprocal Social Interactions. (A) The number of contacts was significantly increased in VaD mice; while number of social contacts was decreased in mice treated with co-ultraPEALut. *p < 0.05 vs. Sham; #p < 0.05 vs. VaD. (B) The total duration contacts were significantly decreased in VaD mice, while they increased in mice treated with co-ultraPEALut. *p < 0.05 vs. Sham. (C,D) Effects of co-ultraPEALut treatment on memory deficit using the Novel Object Recognition. Results are calculated by the time expended exploring novel object at each intertrial interval and the time spent investigating the familiar object at each intertrial interval. (C) In the first time, controls and VaD animals showed no significant difference in exploration time of objects; while mice spent more time exploring the novel object after co-ultraPEALut treatment. *p < 0.05 vs. Sham; #p < 0.05 vs. VaD. (D) VaD animals showed significantly reduced of memory for the objects; while in mice treated with co-ultraPEALut the total exploration time of objects returned to normal values. *p < 0.05 vs. Sham; #p < 0.05 vs. VaD. (E,F) Effects of co-ultraPEALut treatment on locomotor behaviors in open field. Locomotor deficit is calculated as mean of the total time in the center in seconds. (E) The number of crossing was increased in VaD mice, while this number was significantly reduced in mice treated with co-ultraPEALut. ***p < 0.001 vs. Sham; ###p < 0.001 vs. VaD. (F) Regarding, carotid arteries occlusion decreased the time spent in the center of arena. This alteration was reversed by administration of co-ultraPEALut. Data were determinated by one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test.