Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the ICU patients [median/mean+/−standard deviation (range)].
| Variants | All (n = 200) | Surviving (n = 142) | Non-surviving (n = 58) | p values |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, (male)* | 159 (79.5) | 113 (79.6) | 46 (79.3) | 0.948 |
| Age | 56.0/56.9+/−13.8 (32–92) | 54.5/56.5+/−13.8 (32–92) | 57.5/57.9+/−13.8 (33–88) | 0.515 |
| BMI | 24.0/24.6+/−4.54 (14.3–39.9) | 23.8/24.4+/−4.69(14.3–39.9) | 24.4/25.1+/−4.15 (18.6–37.4) | 0.299 |
| APACHE IV scores | 21.0/20.7+/−9.40 (0–45) | 21.0/20.5+/−9.02 (0–40) | 20.0/21.2+/−10.3 (0–45) | 0.652 |
| MELD scores | 25.5/26.4+/−10.10 (7–73) | 24.0/23.6+/−8.73 (7–45) | 34.0/33.5+/−10.10 (14–73) | <0.001* |
| ICU days | 7.5/10.0+/−8.7 (0–54) | 6.0/7.9+/−6.7 (0–32) | 14.0/15.2+/−10.8 (0–54) | <0.001* |
| Hospital days | 27.0/36.4+/−33.4 (0–235) | 32.0/40.4+/−34.7 (6–235) | 21.0/28.1+/−28.4 (0–184) | 0.018* |
| Intubation (yes)* | 105 (52.5) | 63 (44.4) | 42 (72.4) | <0.001* |
| Diabetes (yes)* | 59 (29.5) | 41 (28.9) | 18 (31) | 0.74 |
| Hypertension (yes)* | 64 (32) | 40 (28.2) | 24 (41.4) | 0.07 |
| Sepsis (yes)* | 124 (62) | 78 (54.9) | 46 (79.3) | <0.001* |
| Liver cirrhosis (yes)* | 145 (72.5) | 102 (71.8) | 43 (74.1) | 0.689 |
| Pulmonary disease (yes)* | 64 (32) | 29 (20.4) | 35 (60.3) | <0.001* |
| HOMA-IR | 3.32/5.95+/−+/−7.30 (0.12–43.2) | 3.39/6.27+/−7.83 (0.2–43.2) | 2.68/4.98+/−5.33 (0.12–19.5) | 0.388 |
| HbA1C (%) | 5.5/5.8+/−1.15 (4.2–11.4) | 5.5/5.79+/−1.15 (4.4–11.4) | 5.4/5.83+/−1.18 (4.2–9.7) | 0.81 |
| C-peptide (ng/dL) | 5.6/7.7+/−6.9 (0.4–60.1) | 5.9/7.70+/−7.3 (0.4–60.1) | 5.1/7.7+/−6.2 (0.4–27.9) | 0.968 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.5/6.3+/−3.9 (0.4–19.8) | 5.5/6.5+/−4.0 (0.6–19.8) | 5.6/5.9+/−3.6 (0.4–13.6) | 0.43 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 45.0/62.6+/−61.8 (4–118) | 33.0/60.5+/−62.6 (9–118) | 22.0/35.9+/−38.5 (7–109) | 0.008* |
| TC (mg/dL) | 102.0/110.8+/−44.3 (32–390) | 107.0/114.9+/−47.7 (32–390) | 99.0/100.6+/−32.8 (45–186) | 0.056 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 75.0/104.3+/−91.1 (18–605) | 76.0/108.0+/−100.1 (19–605) | 72.5/94.9+/−63.83 (18–279) | 0.379 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 15.5/16.8+/−11.0 (2–53) | 17.0/18.0+/−11.1 (2–53) | 10.0/13.0+/−10.0 (2–40) | 0.03* |
| AST (U/L) | 85.5/335.6+/−881.1 (20–6284) | 74.0/218.8+/−696.2 (20–6195) | 153.0/623.4+/−1183 (27–6284) | 0.019* |
| ALT (U/L) | 45.5/206.0+/−512.2 (7–4003) | 40.5/129.3+/−288.2 (7–1942) | 71.5/394.8+/−814.0 (10–4003) | 0.02* |
| APRI | 3.79/14.37+/−37.0 (42–279.5) | 3.34/9.40+/−31.5 (0.42–279.5) | 7.0/26.6+/−46.3 (0.84–226.4) | 0.012* |
| Albumin (mg %) | 2.6/2.6+/−0.457 (0.57–3.7) | 2.6/2.7+/−0.48 (0.57–3.62) | 2.6/2.5+/−0.50 (0.69–3.7) | 0.124 |
| Bilirubin (total) (mg %) | 6.3/10.8+/−10.3 (0.2–40.9) | 4.0/8.9+/−10.0 (0.2–40.9) | 13.5/15.2+/−9.7 (1.5–36.8) | <0.001* |
| r-GT (IU/L) | 73.0/111.7+/−159.5 (7–1600) | 74.0/121.0+/−181.7 (11–1600) | 69.5/87.0+/−68.4 (7–337) | 0.253 |
| HsCRP (mg/L) | 29.6/46.3+/−50.7 (0.6–317.3) | 32.3/46.8+/−52.1 (0.6–317.3) | 25.9/44.7+/−47.2 (1.91–198.1) | 0.686 |
| WBC (103/uL) | 8.9/11.3+/−10.5 (1.2–116) | 8.4/11.2+/−11.4 (2.1–116) | 10.0/11.5+/−7.6 (1.2–38.8) | 0.842 |
| Platelets (103/uL) | 71.0/87.7+/−56.9 (16–317) | 76.0/90.8+/−57.5 (16–292) | 67.5/80.1+/−55.0 (19–317) | 0.209 |
| Hb (g/dL) | 8.8/8.9+/−1.8 (5.6–14.8) | 8.7/8.9+/−1.7 (5.6–14.8) | 8.8/9.0+/−1.8 (5.6–14.5) | 0.996 |
| NLR | 9.4/15.3+/−19.4 (0.03–97.0) | 8.3/13.2+/−17.3 (1.6–95.0) | 12.7/20.6+/−23.4 (0.03–97.0) | 0.031* |
| PT (INR) | 1.7/1.9+/−0.88 (1.1–7.4) | 1.6/1.7+/−0.59 (1.1–4.4) | 2.3/2.6+/−1.1 (1.4–7.4) | <0.001* |
| RBP4 (mg/L) | 20.8/25.6+/−18.4 (1.3–85.6) | 25.5/27.7+/−19.0 (1.3–85.6) | 15.1/20.2+/−15.6 (1.4–68.5) | 0.006* |
*n (%); BMI: body mass index; MELD: model for end-stage liver disease; APACHE: acute physiology and chronic health evaluation; ICU: intensive care unit; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; APRI: aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index; r-GT: r-glutamyltransferase; HsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; WBC: white blood cell count; NLR: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PT: prothrombin time; INR: international normalized ratio; RBP4: retinol-binding protein-4.