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. 2017 Jun 6;7:2860. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-03066-4

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Maternal oral and gut microbial influences on the placental microbiome (a). Bayesian source-tracking results for placental samples at different taxonomic levels. Proportions of the maternal oral (blue), gut (yellow) and unknown source of environment (grey) on the placental microbiome. Placental samples showed a greater degree of similarity with the maternal oral microbiome. (b) Boxplots showing distances from unweighted and weighted Unifrac distances between the maternal oral (blue) and gut (yellow) with respect to the placental microbiome and between the oral and gut (white) microbiomes (permutations = 999). Each boxplot shows the median, lower and upper quartiles of the Unifrac distances. A lower Unifrac distance shows a greater resemblance between the two microbial communities. Pair-wise comparison were done by Mann-Whitney U tests and annotated as ****p < 0.0001 and NS: not significant.