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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Apr 18.
Published in final edited form as: Chem Soc Rev. 2017 Apr 18;46(8):2158–2198. doi: 10.1039/c6cs00765a

Fig 16.

Fig 16

Functional optoacoustic neurotomography (FONT) visualizes neuronal activity using the genetically-encoded calcium indicator GCaMP5G [255]. (a) Volumetric optoacoustic images of an adult zebrafish brain. (b) Real-time imaging of calcium activity with epi-fluorescence (top) and optoacoustics (bottom) after injection of the neurostimulant agent pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) into the brain. Temporal traces in the 5 marked regions of interest are shown. The fluorescence images have very blurry appearance indicating that the intense light scattering in large brains makes them inaccessible by optical microscopy methods. In contrast, FONT is able to provide high-resolution three-dimensional information regarding real-time neuronal activity in the entire scattering brain. (c) Time-resolved images from a single slice through the 3D data, as indicated in violet in (a). (d) Close-up spatio-temporal resolution analysis of a single line, whose orientation is indicated by an arrow in (c). (e) Temporal and spatial profiles through the image in (d). Scale bars − 500 μm. Adapted with permission from [255]. © 2016 - Macmillan Publishers Ltd.