TABLE 3.

Cox regression analysis of time to death, first hospital admission and first emergency department (ED) attendance (hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals and p-values)

Outcome	Active smokers¶ (n=5787)	Ex-smokers (n=8941)			Never-smokers (n=312)
		Hazard ratio	95% CI	p-value	Hazard ratio	95% CI	p-value
Time to death (from any cause)
Univariate	1.00	1.31	1.19–1.43	<0.001	1.48	1.11–1.97	0.008
Adjusted#	1.00	0.78	0.70–0.87	<0.001	0.72	0.53–0.99	0.039
Time to first respiratory cause admission
Univariate	1.00	1.03	0.95–1.12	0.486	0.97	0.73–1.28	0.826
Adjusted#	1.00	0.82	0.74–0.89	<0.001	0.79	0.59–1.06	0.113
Time to first respiratory cause ED attendance
Univariate	1.00	0.83	0.74–0.92	<0.001	0.63	0.41–0.98	0.038
Adjusted#	1.00	0.78	0.70–0.88	<0.001	0.71	0.45–1.11	0.130

^#: the analysis was adjusted for: age, gender, body mass index, index of multiple deprivation rank decile, forced expiratory volume in 1 s % pred, presence of comorbidities (anxiety/depression, asthma, bronchiectasis, cerebrovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, connective tissue disease, dementia, diabetes mellitus, gastro-oesophageal reflux, heart failure, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, ischaemic heart disease, lung cancer, obstructive sleep apnoea, osteoporosis, peripheral vascular disease, rhino-sinusitis) and inhaled medication at baseline (long-acting β₂-agonist, long-acting antimuscarinic bronchodilator, inhaled corticosteroid). Multiple imputation was used in the adjusted analysis, as described in the methods section. ^¶: reference category.