Table 1.
Recognized causes of anti-PLA2R/THSD7A–negative secondary membranous nephropathya
| Cause | Examples |
|---|---|
| Infections (1,2,27,56,90) | bHBV, HCV, HIV, parasites (filariasis, schistosomiasis, malaria), leprosy, syphilis, hydatid disease, sarcoid |
| Malignancy (20% in patients >57, 4%<57) (1,2,14–18,55,58,66) | bSolid tumors (lung 26%, prostate 15%, hematologic [plasma cell dyscrasias, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, CLL] 14%, colon 11%), mesothelioma, melanoma, pheochromocytoma; some benign tumors |
| Autoimmune diseases (1,2,4,56–58,91) | bSLE (class V), thyroiditis, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren syndrome, dermatomyositis, mixed connective tissue disease, ankylosing spondylitis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, renal allografts |
| Anti-GBM disease, IgAN, ANCA-associated vasculitis | |
| IgG4 disease | |
| Membranous-like glomerulopathy with masked IgG κ deposits (90) | |
| Alloimmune diseases (1,4,7,58,82) | Graft versus host disease, autologous stem cell transplants, bde novo MN in transplants/transplant glomerulopathy |
| Drugs/toxins (92) | bNSAIDs and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, gold, d-penicillamine, bucillamine, captopril, probenecid, sulindac, anti-TNFα, thiola, trimetadione, tiopronin |
| Mercury, lithium, hydrocarbons, formaldehyde, benvironmental air pollution (China) | |
| Cationic BSA (infants) |
HBV, hepatitis B; HCV, hepatitis C; CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia; MN, membranous nephropathy; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
a
Most of these associations are on the basis of multiple case reports or small series. Causative roles are implied but generally not proven.
b
Common.