Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics Among 245 Pregnant Women in the EARTH Study
| Characteristic |
First Trimester (n = 208)a |
Second Trimester (n = 209)b |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q4 | P Valuec | Q1 | Q4 | P Valuec | |
| N | 53 | 52 | 52 | 52 | ||
| Age at pregnancy (y) | ||||||
| Mean ± SD | 35.2 ± 3.5 | 35.5 ± 3.6 | 0.69 | 35.7 ± 3.2 | 35.4 ± 3.3 | 0.67 |
| Range | 27–43 | 29–42 | 29–42 | 30–42 | ||
| Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| BMI <25 | 41 (77.4) | 36 (69.2) | 0.32 | 35 (67.3) | 35 (67.3) | 0.99 |
| BMI ≥25 | 12 (22.6) | 16 (30.8) | 17 (32.7) | 17 (32.7) | ||
| Family history of DM | 8 (15) | 9 (17) | 0.13 | 6 (12) | 5 (10) | 0.85 |
| Total physical activity (h/wk) | 7.5 (9.6) | 7.6 (6.0) | 0.47 | 8.3 (7.2) | 5.6 (4.1) | 0.39 |
| Smoking status at baseline | 0.07 | 0.93 | ||||
| Never smoked | 43 (81.1) | 34 (65.4) | 40 (76.9) | 38 (73.1) | ||
| Former smoker | 10 (18.9) | 16 (30.8) | 11 (21.2) | 13 (25.0) | ||
| Current smoker | 0 (0) | 2 (3.9) | 1 (1.9) | 1 (1.9) | ||
| Race | 0.37 | 0.23 | ||||
| White | 43 (81.1) | 45 (86.5) | 46 (88.5) | 47 (90.4) | ||
| Black/African American | 1 (1.9) | 1 (1.9) | 1 (1.9) | 0 (0) | ||
| Asian | 4 (7.6) | 6 (11.5) | 4 (7.7) | 3 (5.8) | ||
| Other | 5 (9.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.9) | 2 (3.9) | ||
| Education | 0.84 | 0.31 | ||||
| High school graduate or less | 7 (13.2) | 4 (7.7) | 4 (7.7) | 6 (11.5) | ||
| Some college | 2 (3.8) | 1 (1.9) | 4 (7.7) | 0 (0) | ||
| College graduate or higher | 44 (83.0) | 47(90.4) | 44 (84.6) | 46 (88.5) | ||
| Infertility diagnosis | 0.82 | 0.12 | ||||
| Male factor | 17 (32.1) | 17 (32.7) | 18 (34.6) | 12 (23.1) | ||
| Unexplained | 20 (37.7) | 16 (30.8) | 20 (38.5) | 25 (48.1) | ||
| Female factor | 16 (30.2) | 19 (36.5) | 14 (26.9) | 15 (28.9) | ||
| Physician diagnosis of PCOS | 2 (4) | 4 (8) | 0.21 | 3 (6) | 5 (10) | 0.43 |
| Treatment | 0.84 | 0.15 | ||||
| IVF | 34 (64.2) | 32 (61.5) | 32 (61.5) | 30 (57.7) | ||
| IUI | 9 (17.0) | 10 (19.2) | 7 (13.5) | 11 (21.2) | ||
| Natural | 10 (18.9) | 10 (19.2) | 13 (25.0) | 11 (21.2) | ||
| Fetus number in one pregnancy | 0.62 | 0.68 | ||||
| 1 | 46 (86.8) | 42 (80.8) | 39 (75.0) | 40 (76.9) | ||
| 2 | 7 (13.2) | 10 (19.2) | 13 (25.0) | 12 (23.1) | ||
| Time differences between BPA and glucose measurements (day) | ||||||
| Mean ± SD | 131 (16) | 130 (16) | 0.91 | 40 (20) | 40 (23) | 0.93 |
| Urine sampling session | 0.08 | 0.03 | ||||
| Morning | 11 (21) | 3 (9) | 29 (56) | 18 (35) | ||
| Afternoon | 42 (79) | 48 (28) | 23 (44) | 33 (65) | ||
| Evening | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
Data are presented as mean ± SD or n (%) unless otherwise specified.
Abbreviations: DM, diabetes mellitus; EARTH, Environmental and Reproductive Health; Q1, quartile 1; Q4, quartile 4.
a
Of 245 women, 208 women provided first-trimester urine samples.
b
Of 245 women, 209 women provided second-trimester urine samples.
c
From Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous variable and fisher exact tests for categorical variables.