Table 5. Results of sex differences in postoperative pain outcome and subgroup analysis focusing on the influence of age and preoperative pain.

Outcome	Sex	All Groups	Age Groups		Preoperative Pain Groups
			<50 years	≥50 years	with	without
Worst pain since surgery	Women	5.75 ± 2.61*	5.85 ± 2.59	5.68 ± 2.85*	5.97 ± 2.72*	5.24 ± 2.71
	Men	5.20 ± 2.70	5.58 ± 2.61	4.72 ± 2.73	5.50 ± 2.60	4.89 ± 2.78
Time spent in severe pain	Women	34% ± 25%*	34% ± 24%*	34% ± 26%*	37% ± 26%*	27% ± 23%
	Men	27% ± 23%	27% ± 23%	26% ± 22%	29% ± 23%	24% ± 22%
Interference of pain with in-bed activities	Women	4.65 ± 2.83	4.68 ± 2.83	4.64 ± 2.83*	4.97 ± 2.71	3.92 ± 2.98
	Men	4.38 ± 2.83	4.81 ± 2.82	3.85 ± 2.76	4.75 ± 2.73	3.98 ± 2.91
Feeling anxious due to pain	Women	2.66 ± 2.53*	2.69 ± 2.49	2.65 ± 2.57*	2.98 ± 2.60	1.90 ± 2.17
	Men	2.18 ± 2.39	2.30 ± 2.44	2.04 ± 2.33	2.58 ± 2.46	1.73 ± 2.22
Feeling helpless due to pain	Women	3.13 ± 3.05*	3.01 ± 2.95*	3.24 ± 3.14*	3.59 ± 3.20*	2.12 ± 2.44
	Men	2.31 ± 2.66	2.37 ± 2.69	2.23 ± 2.63	2.74 ± 2.78	1.81 ± 2.43
Cumulative opioid consumption(mg/kg)	Women	0.39 ± 0.50*	0.39 ± 0.48	0.39 ± 0.51*	0.45 ± 0.55*	0.25 ± 0.34
	Men	0.31 ± 0.41	0.36 ± 0.44	0.24 ± 0.37	0.32 ± 0.42	0.30 ± 0.41
Relief from pain	Women	62% ± 26%	66% ± 24%*	59% ± 27%*	59% ± 26%	69% ± 26%
	Men	62% ± 28%	60% ± 28%	64% ± 27%	59% ± 27%	64% ± 28%
Wish for more treatment was “Yes”	Women	19% (72/388)	22% (37/169)	16% (35/218)	22% (58/267)	11% (13/117)
	Men	17% (80/471)	19% (48/260)	15% (32/211)	20% (49/244)	14% (31/225)
Satisfaction with pain treatment	Women	7.62 ± 2.75	7.62 ± 2.60	7.60 ± 2.88	7.49 ± 2.77	7.96 ± 2.69
	Men	7.53 ± 2.79	7.47 ± 2.61	7.61 ± 3.01	7.34 ± 2.93	7.74 ± 2.62

Results are presented as mean (± standard deviation) or relative numbers (% (n/N)). Groups were compared using Mann-Whitney U Test or χ² Test (“wish for more treatment”).

* P<0.05 women vs. men