Table 2.
Cyto- and chemokine response and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) release by tumor cells after irradiation.
| Tumor cell | Radiation quality | Dose | Study type | Cytokine/chemokine | Expression | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4T1, 67NR, HTB-20 (breast carcinoma) | γ-Irradiation (137Cs source) | 2–12 Gy | In vivo | CXCL16 | ⇑ | (88) |
| In vitro | ||||||
| T98G (glioblastoma) | γ-Irradiation (60Co source) | 1 Gy | In vitro | IL-6, IL-8 | ⇑ | (89) |
| 4T1, 67NR (breast carcinoma), B16/F10 (melanoma), MC57 (fibrosarcoma), MCA38 (colon carcinoma) | γ-Irradiation (137Cs source) | 12 Gy | In vivo | CXCL16 | ⇑ | (90) |
| A549, TE2, KYSE70 (esophageal squamous), NCI-H460 (large cell carcinoma), WiDr (colon adenocarcinoma), MCF-7, NCI-H1703 (lung), DU-145, PC-3 (prostate), HCT-15 (colorectal), SW480, T98G and U251MG | Photonic | 2.1–15 Gy | In vitro | HMGB1 | ⇑ | (91–95) |
| DF-19, BW-225 (squamous cell carcinoma) | Ionizing radiation (not specified) | 2 Gy | In vitro | CXCL1, CXCL12 | = | (96) |
| HT1080 (colorectal tumor), U373MG, HT29, A549, MCF-7 | γ-Irradiation (60Co source) | 2 Gy, 6 Gy, 3 Gy × 2 Gy | In vitro | Flt3-L, G-CSF, GM, CSF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-15, IP-10, MCP-1, TNF-α, TGF-β, VEGF | ⇑ | (97) |
| G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, TNF-α, TGF-β | ⇓ | |||||
| SW480 (colorectal) | X-rays | 5 Gy × 2 Gy, 3 Gy × 5 Gy, 15 Gy | In vitro | IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p70, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-1β | ⇑ | (72) |
| LN-229 (glioma) | γ-Irradiation (Nordion GC40 Gammacell irradiator) | 10–30 Gy | In vitro | IL-6 | ⇑ | (98) |
| IL-8, CXCL1 (only mRNA) | ||||||
| NCI-H446 (lung) | γ-Irradiation (137Cs source) | 8 Gy | In vitro | TNF-α, IL-1α | ⇑ | (99) |
| Carbon ions (290 MeV/n, LET 13 keV/µm) | 2 Gy | TNF-α | ⇑ | |||
| RipTag5 mice (spontaneous insulinoma) | γ-Irradiation (60Co source) | 2 Gy | In vivo | TNF-α, IL-12p70, IFN-γ | ⇑ | (100) |
| VEGF, TGF-β | ⇓ | |||||
| MCF7, SKBR3, and MDA-MB231 (breast) | γ-Irradiation (137Cs source) | 10–20 Gy | In vitro | CXCL16 | ⇑ | (101) |
| NR-S1 and SCCVII (squamous cell carcinoma), NFSa, #8520 (fibrosarcoma) | γ-Irradiation (137Cs source) | 30–50 Gy | In vivo | CCL3 (only mRNA) | ⇑ | (102) |
| Carbon ions (290 MeV/n, LET 50 keV/µm) | 30 Gy | CCL3, CXCL2 (only mRNA) | ||||
| TE2, KYSE70, A549, NCI-H460 and WiDr | Carbon ions (290 MeV/n, LET 30 keV/µm) | 0.9–3.5 Gy (iso-survival dose D10a) | In vitro | HMGB1 | ⇑ | (93) |
⇑ up, ⇓ down.
aThe D10 dose represents the radiation dose required to reduce the surviving fraction to 10%.