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. 2017 Jun 1;8:15493. doi: 10.1038/ncomms15493

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Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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DLMs for zinc, manganese and lead. Black line represents mean of paired differences in metal levels between twins discordant for ASD (3 MZ; 4 DZ) and ASD concordant pairs (5 MZ; 1 DZ). Data are shown as 95% bands unadjusted (grey band) and adjusted (blue band) for intra-twin correlations. Grey vertical lines are Holm–Bonferroni corrected family-wise 95% CIs for 11 comparisons (every fifth week). Values above zero represent increased levels in ASD cases compared to their non-ASD twins after taking into account average difference in concordant twins. A critical window is defined as an area of the DLM adjusted for intra-twin correlations (blue band) that does not include zero. Models were adjusted for sex, zygosity, gestational age, the average birth weight of the twin pairs, and the s.d. of the birth weight in the twin pairs.