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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Planta Med. 2016 Jun 10;82(14):1258–1265. doi: 10.1055/s-0042-108590

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Correlations of in vitro macrophage stimulatory activity exhibited by extracts from Echinacea purpurea with bacterial load and LPS content within aerial plant material. Plant material was obtained from wild E. purpurea (white circles), cultivated E. purpurea (gray circles) and dried material from commercial growers (black circles). Plant material was extracted with 4% SDS and extracts evaluated for activity (TNF-alpha production) in RAW 264.7 macrophages (EC25 values of extracts are in μg of plant material/mL). LPS content (EU/g of dried plant material) was determined through the Pyrochrome®-LAL assay with Glucashield®. Total bacterial load was estimated using a PCR-based quantification method [7]. Pairwise linear regressions are between macrophage stimulatory extract activity and total bacterial load of plant material (a), and macrophage stimulatory activity and LPS levels in extracts (b). Regression analyses were performed on log10 transformed data using Microsoft Excel 2007 and 2011.