Table 4.

Summary of publications reporting associations between ANAs and various cardiovascular and metabolic disorders and death

Author/year	Country	Study design	Sample size	Participants’ age, mean ± SD	Outcome	Method used to measure the outcome	Main findings
Sedaghat et al. 2014 [3]	Iran	Patient-based	140	56.4 ± 10.8	Ischemic heart disease, comparison of ANA positivity between patients with acute coronary syndrome and chronic stable angina	Coronary angiography	ANA positivity higher in patients with chronic stable angina; association with severity of coronary stenotic lesions
Chou et al. 2011 [4]	China	Patient-based	13,345	11.4 ± 5.0	Risk of death	National Death Registry	High titer of ANAs associated with increased risk of death
Heras et al. 2010 [11]	Greece	Patient-based	70 (type 1 diabetes) 28 (type 2 diabetes) 20 (control)	34.0 ± 9.1 64.0 ± 9.5 45.0 ± 16.2	Diabetes	Not mentioned	ANA positivity higher in type 1 diabetes than in healthy individuals
Gonzalez et al. 2008 [10]	Canary Islands	Community-based	702	Not reported	Obesity	Anthropometric measurements (BMI, waist circumference, waist/height ratio)	Inverse association with obesity in women, no association in men
Ishikawa et al. 2008 [25]	Japan	Community-based	2875	63.0 ± 10.0	Microalbuminuria, BMI, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia	Almost all outcomes measured	Bivariate analysis: no association between BMI, diabetes, hypertension and ANA positivity
Liang et al. 2009 [9]	USA	Patient-based	7852	47.5 ± 17.0	Myocardial infarction, heart failure, peripheral vascular disease and risk of death	Medical records	ANAs associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and mortality

ANA anti-nuclear autoantibody, BMI body mass index