Table 3.

Does Giving Private Financial Transfers Predict Material Hardship? OLS and Individual Fixed-Effects Regressions

	Model 1: Pooled Regression			Model 2: Individual Fixed Effects			Model 3: Individual Fixed Effects
	Any Hardship		Hardship Domains	Any Hardship		Hardship Domains	Any Hardship		Hardship Domains
	Logit		OLS	Logit		OLS	Logit		OLS
	β (SE)	OR	β(SE)	β (SE)	OR	β(SE)	β (SE)	OR	β(SE)
Gave PFT	0.37** (0.05)	1.44	0.17** (0.02)	0.18** (0.06)	1.20	0.05* (0.02)	0.25** (0.06)	1.28	0.07** (0.02)
Household income	−0.01** (0.00)	0.99	−0.00** (0.00)
Education
Less than high school	0.74** (0.15)	2.09	0.29** (0.07)
High school	0.55** (0.14)	1.74	0.15** (0.05)
Some college	0.76** (0.13)	2.14	0.25** (0.06)
Relationship Status
Married	−0.42** (0.07)	0.66	−0.21** (0.04)
Cohabiting	0.12* (0.05)	1.12	0.05+ (0.03)
Age	0.00 (0.00)	1.00	0.00 (0.00)
Race/Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic Black	0.05 (0.09)	1.05	−0.08+ (0.05)
Hispanic	−0.14 (0.10)	0.87	−0.12* (0.05)
Other	0.07 (0.13)	1.08	0.04 (0.06)
Immigrant	−0.28* (0.14)	0.76	−0.17* (0.07)
# of kids in household	0.07** (0.02)	1.07	0.03** (0.01)
Mother lived with both parents at age 15	−0.22** (0.06)	0.80	−0.11** (0.03)
Household income							−0.01** (0.00)	0.99	−0.00** (0.00)
Married							−0.12 (0.10)	0.89	−0.09** (0.03)
Cohabiting							−0.05 (0.07)	0.95	−0.04+ (0.02)
Social support							−0.20** (0.02)	0.82	−0.08** (0.01)
Constant	−0.75** (0.17)	0.47** (−4.30)	0.67** (0.09)			0.71** (0.04)			1.14** (0.05)
Observations	15,816	15,816	8,353	15,816	8,353	15,816
R-squared			0.090			0.013			0.035
Number of individuals	4,600	4,600	2,271	4,600	2,271	4,600

Note: All non-time varying covariates are measured at the birth of the child. All models include measures of time not shown. The models without individual fixed-effects also include city fixed-effects and are double clustered at the individual and city level.

^**p<0.01,

^*p<0.05,

⁺p<0.1