Table 3.

Multivariate analysis of factors related to survival among nonsmokers

Variable	Level	Hazard Ratio	95% CI	P Value
Age, yr	51–59	1.00	Reference
	60–70	1.05	0.60–1.86	0.86
	70–79	1.06	0.60–1.85	0.85
	80+	1.08	0.56–2.08	0.81
Sex	Male	1.00	Reference
	Female	0.76	0.52–1.13	0.18
Race/ethnicity	Non-Hispanic white	1.00	Reference
	Hispanic or Latino	2.06	1.07–3.99	0.03
	African American	1.75	0.96–3.18	0.07
	Asian/Pacific Islander	0.83	0.47–1.49	0.53
	Multiple/other/unknown	0.80	0.30–2.16	0.66
Comorbidity	None	1.00	Reference
	Mild	1.49	0.87–2.55	0.15
	Moderate	1.67	0.92–3.01	0.09
	Severe	3.21	1.52–6.79	0.002
Insurance	Private/HMO	1.00	Reference
	Medicare	1.06	0.60–1.88	0.84
	Medicaid/other public	1.56	0.67–3.63	0.30
	Unknown/none	1.28	0.52–3.18	0.59
Income	<$20,000	1.00	Reference
	$20,000–$40,000	0.82	0.45–1.46	0.49
	$40,000–$60,000	0.71	0.32–1.57	0.39
	$60,000 or more	0.56	0.26–1.20	0.14
Education	Some grade school	1.00	Reference
	High school graduate	1.22	0.65–2.29	0.54
	Some college or more	2.00	1.02–3.93	0.04
Health care setting	Nonintegrated	1.00	Reference
	Integrated	0.79	0.53–1.19	0.26
	VHA	0.72	0.27–1.90	0.50
Histology	Adenocarcinoma	1.00	Reference
	Squamous cell	1.35	0.73–2.51	0.33
	Small cell	1.80	0.58–5.56	0.31
	Large cell	2.33	0.90–6.07	0.08
	Undifferentiated/other	1.73	1.12–2.68	0.01
Stage	Local	1.00	Reference
	Regional/distant	3.92	2.08–7.37	<0.0001
Surgery	Yes	1.00	Reference
	No	5.25	3.00–9.21	<0.0001
Chemotherapy	Yes	1.00	Reference
	No	2.39	1.50–3.81	0.0003
Radiotherapy	Yes	1.00	Reference
	No	1.48	0.98–2.23	0.06

Definition of abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; HMO = health maintenance organization; VHA = Veterans Health Administration.