Table IX. Major groups of kinases involved in regulation of guard cell transporters and channels.
Functions listed relate to the kinase group as a whole, not necessarily to the specific kinase on the same line of text. References are as follows: A (Pei et al., 1996; Mori et al., 2006; Zhu et al., 2007; Geiger et al., 2010; Zou et al., 2010, 2015; Ronzier et al., 2014; Brandt et al., 2015; Li et al., 2016); B (Fujii et al., 2009; Geiger et al., 2009; Lee et al., 2009; Park et al., 2009; Sato et al., 2009; Sirichandra et al., 2009; Umezawa et al., 2009; Imes et al., 2013; Osakabe et al., 2013; Wege et al., 2014; Grondin et al., 2015; Yin et al., 2016); C (Guo et al., 2002; Ohta et al., 2003; Xu et al., 2006; Cheong et al., 2007; Held et al., 2011; Maierhofer et al., 2014); D (Gosti et al., 1999; Merlot et al., 2001; Chérel et al., 2002; Leonhardt et al., 2004; Saez et al., 2004, 2006; Kuhn et al., 2006; Yoshida et al., 2006; Ma et al., 2009; Park et al., 2009; Rubio et al., 2009; Lan et al., 2011; Brandt et al., 2015; Lefoulon et al., 2016; Xie et al., 2016); E (Leonhardt et al., 2004; Saez et al., 2004, 2006; Park et al., 2009; Nishimura et al., 2010); F (Jammes et al., 2009; Hõrak et al., 2016).
| Name | Range of Functions | References |
|---|---|---|
| Ca2+-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) | ABA-induced Ca2+-dependent activation of anion currents | A |
| CPK3 | SLAC1 activation | |
| CPK4 | ABA-mediated regulation of CAT3 activity | |
| CPK5 | Inhibition of KAT2 and KAT1 | |
| CPK6 | Activation of vacuolar anion channels | |
| CPK8 | ||
| CPK10 | ||
| CPK11 | ||
| CPK13 | ||
| CPK21 | ||
| CPK23 | ||
| CPK32 | ||
| CPK33 | ||
| SnRK2 kinases | ABA-induced Ca2+-independent activation of anion currents | B |
| SRK2E/SnRK2.6/OST1 | SLAC1 activation in an ABI1-dependent manner | |
| SRK2D/SnRK2.2 | ALMT12/QUAC1 activation | |
| SRK2I/SnRK2.3 | ABA-induced phosphorylation of K+ uptake transporter6 (KUP6) | |
| SRK2C/SnRK2.8 | ABA-induced phosphorylation of aquaporin PIP2;1 | |
| Involved in methyl jasmonate-induced stomatal closure | ||
| Inactivation of KAT1 | ||
| Activation of NADPH oxidase subunit AtrbohF (ROS production) | ||
| Activation of CLCa to increase anion efflux from the vacuole | ||
| SnRK3 kinases (CIPKs) | Ca2+-dependent activation of anion currents | C |
| CIPK6 | SLAC1 and SLAH3 activation in the presence of CALCINEURIN-B-LIKE1 and CALCINEURIN-B-LIKE9 | |
| CIPK15/PKS3 | Increases phosphorylation-independent translocation of AKT2 to the plasma membrane | |
| CIPK23 | Stomatal closure in response to ABA by interacting with ABI1 and ABI2 | |
| CIPK24/SOS2 | ||
| Protein phosphatase 2Cs | Deactivation of ABA-activated SnRK2 protein kinases by dephosphorylation | D |
| SLAC1 dephosphorylation in the absence of ABA | ||
| PP2CA/AHG3 | SnRK2 inhibition (interaction with OST1, SnRK2.2, and SnRK2.3) | |
| ABI1 | Decrease of GORK channel activity | |
| ABI2 | Decrease of AKT2 channel activity | |
| HAB1 | Dephosphorylation and down-regulation of SLAC1 | |
| AIP | Suppression of CPK activation of SLAC1 | |
| Inhibition of anion current activation by CBL-CIPK | ||
| RCAR/PYR/PYL ABA receptors | Inhibition of PP2Cs to enable SnRK2-mediated stomatal closure | E |
| PYR1 | Interaction with and repression of ABI1, ABI2, and HAB1 | |
| PYL1 | ||
| PYL2 | ||
| PYL3 | ||
| PYL4 | ||
| PYL9/RCAR1 | ||
| Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MPKs) | F | |
| MPK4 | Involved in ROS-mediated ABA signaling | |
| MPK9 | Positive regulator of CO2-induced stomatal regulation by inhibition of HT1 kinase | |
| MPK12 | ||