Table 2. Characteristics of included studies [digoxin use and mortality].
| Study | Year | Type of Cancer | Country | Drug | Study Design (Follow up Period) |
# of Cancer Cases | Number of Cancer Specific Deaths |
HR (95% CI) | Adjustments in Study Analysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flahavan | 2014 | Prostate Cancer | Ireland | Digoxin | Cohort (Median 4.3 years) |
5732 | 1098 | Adjusted HR for Cancer Specific Mortality 1.13 (0.91–1.42) All-cause mortality 1.24 (1.07–1.43) |
Age, comorbidity score, tumor stage, grade, smoking status at diagnosis, year of incidence, warfarin exposure and statin exposure. |
| Karasneh [52] |
2015 | Colorectal Cancer | United Kingdom | Digoxin | Cohort (Mean 4.8 years) |
10,357 | 2,724 | Adjusted HR for Cancer Specific Mortality 1.11 (0.91–1.36) All-cause mortality 1.52 (1.34–1.73) |
Year of diagnosis, age at diagnosis, gender, within 6 months (surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy), site (colon or rectum), comorbidities prior to diagnosis, low-dose aspirin, statins, metformin, and ACEIs |
| Karasneh [51] |
2015 | Breast Cancer | United Kingdom | Digoxin | Cohort (Mean 5.2 years) |
17,842 | 2219 | Adjusted HR for Cancer Specific Mortality 0.91 (0.72–1.14) All-cause mortality 1.24 (1.08–1.41) |
Year of diagnosis, age at diagnosis, within 6 months (surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy hormone therapy), HRT prior to diagnosis, comorbidities prior to diagnosis, low-dose aspirin, statins, and spironolactone |
| Boursi | 2016 | Glioblastoma | United Kingdom | Digoxin | Cohort | 1076 | - | All-cause mortality 1.50 (0.74–3.04) |
Age, sex, duration of follow-up before cancer diagnosis, obesity (BMI > 30), smoking, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. |
| Karasneh | 2016 | Prostate Cancer | United Kingdom | Digoxin | Cohort (Mean 5 years) |
13,134 | 2010 | All-cause mortality 1.39 (1.23–1.56) Cancer-Specific Mortality 1.13 (0.93–1.37) |
Year of diagnosis, age at diagnosis, within 6 months (surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, androgen deprivation therapy, estrogen therapy), comorbidities prior to diagnosis aspirin, statins, metformin, ACEIs spironolactone and deprivation (in fifth) |
| Vogel | 2016 | Epithelial Ovarian Cancer | United States | Digoxin | Cohort | 762 | - | All-cause mortality 1.29 (0.81–2.06) |
Age, heart disease and Charlson comorbidity score |
*Abbreviations: (ACEIs) Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Inhibitors, (BMI) Body Mass Index, (HRT) Hormone Replacement Therapy.