Table 3.
Multivariate logistic analysis of risk factors associated with chronic constipation.
| Variables | OR (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||
| <70 | 1 (reference) | |
| ≥70 | 1.39 (0.72–2.66) | 0.326 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||
| <25.0 | 1 (reference) | |
| ≥25.0 | 2.34 (1.34–4.08) | 0.003 |
| WHR | ||
| ≤0.85 | 1 (reference) | |
| >0.85 | 0.61 (0.36–1.04) | 0.067 |
| Marital status | ||
| Married | 1 (reference) | |
| Single/divorced/widowed/separated | 1.39 (0.70–2.76) | 0.347 |
| Educational level | ||
| <High school | 1 (reference) | |
| ≥High school | 1.12 (0.66–1.91) | 0.675 |
| Current/past occupation | ||
| Manual | 1 (reference) | |
| Non-manual | 2.41 (1.33–4.35) | 0.004 |
| Menstrual situation | ||
| Postmenopausal | 1 (reference) | |
| Premenopausal | 4.86 (2.31–10.24) | <0.001 |
| Delivery history | ||
| Yes | 1 (reference) | |
| No | 6.91 (2.47–19.31) | <0.001 |
| Smoking history | ||
| Yes | 1 (reference) | |
| No | 1.10 (0.34–3.60) | 0.874 |
| Alcohol-drinking history | ||
| Yes | 1 (reference) | |
| No | 0.56 (0.23–1.38) | 0.208 |
| Self-rated sleep quality | ||
| Good/fair | 1 (reference) | |
| Poor | 2.99 (1.79–4.99) | <0.001 |
| Meat-based diet | ||
| No | 1 (reference) | |
| Yes | 2.29 (1.01–5.19) | 0.048 |
| Frequency of fruit consumption | ||
| ≥4 days/week | 1 (reference) | |
| ≤3 days/week | 0.92 (0.55–1.55) | 0.752 |
| Frequency of physical exercise | ||
| ≥3 days/week | 1 (reference) | |
| ≤2 days/week | 1.65 (1.02–2.70) | 0.043 |
| Hypertension | ||
| Yes | 1 (reference) | |
| No | 1.48 (0.84–2.61) | 0.171 |
| Cardiovascular disease | ||
| Yes | 1 (reference) | |
| No | 1.61 (0.82–3.18) | 0.169 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | ||
| Yes | 1 (reference) | |
| No | 1.01 (0.41–2.53) | 0.979 |
| Hyperlipidemia | ||
| Yes | 1 (reference) | |
| No | 1.43 (0.70–2.92) | 0.323 |
| Steatohepatitis | ||
| Yes | 1 (reference) | |
| No | 1.09 (0.58–2.07) | 0.784 |
| Diabetes | ||
| Yes | 1 (reference) | |
| No | 0.66 (0.30–1.47) | 0.313 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | ||
| <7.0 | 1 (reference) | |
| ≥7.0 | 1.32 (0.56–3.10) | 0.531 |
| Cholelithiasis | ||
| Yes | 1 (reference) | |
| No | 1.47 (0.70–3.11) | 0.314 |
| Thyroid disease | ||
| Yes | 1 (reference) | |
| No | 1.45 (0.66–3.21) | 0.357 |
| Abdominal and/or gynecological surgery | ||
| Yes | 1 (reference) | |
| No | 0.77 (0.45–1.35) | 0.364 |
CC – chronic constipation; BMI – body mass index; WHR – waist-to-hip ratio; FPG – fasting blood glucose; OR – odds ratio; CI – confidence interval.