Table 4.
Variation in GII norovirus detection and concentration in drain water
| GII norovirus detection | GII norovirus concentration | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI)* | P value | β† | SE(β) | P value | |
| Demographics and hygiene | |||||
| Neighborhood: Old Town | 0.42 (0.13, 1.34) | 0.15 | −0.38 | 0.39 | 0.35 |
| Poor hygiene | 0.92 (0.29, 2.91) | 0.88 | −0.05 | 0.40 | 0.90 |
| Neighborhood: Old Town | 0.42 (0.12, 1.33) | 0.15 | −0.38 | 0.40 | 0.35 |
| Poor hygiene | 0.88 (0.27, 2.86) | 0.83 | −0.07 | 0.41 | 0.87 |
| Sanitation (household level) | |||||
| Household toilet | 4.73 (0.93, 28.9) | 0.07 | 0.90 | 0.53 | 0.10 |
| Toilet excreta contained onsite‡ | 1.51 (0.37, 6.10) | 0.56 | 0.41 | 0.49 | 0.41 |
| Toilet discharges to drain‡ | 1.14 (0.28, 4.74) | 0.85 | 0.17 | 0.50 | 0.74 |
| Toilet excreta contained onsite§ | 1.81 (0.38, 8.95) | 0.45 | 0.61 | 0.55 | 0.28 |
| Toilet discharges to drain§ | 1.50 (0.31, 7.62) | 0.61 | 0.44 | 0.55 | 0.43 |
| Open defecation (< 5-year-old) | 0.07 (0.01, 0.58) | 0.02 | −0.95 | 0.52 | 0.07 |
| Open defecation (< 5-year-old)/OT | 0.69 (0.05, 9.67)¶ | 0.09¶ | NI∥ | – | – |
| Open defecation (adult) | 0.08 (< 0.01, 0.78) | 0.05 | −0.62 | 0.58 | 0.30 |
| Open defecation (adult)/OT | 1.10 (0.05, 22.5)¶ | 0.09¶ | NI∥ | – | – |
| Any public toilet use (adult) | 1.47 (0.44, 4.96) | 0.53 | 0.33 | 0.42 | 0.43 |
| High public toilet use (> 10 times per month, adult) | 2.38 (0.36, 17.0) | 0.36 | 0.75 | 0.64 | 0.24 |
| Sanitation (cluster level) | |||||
| High HH toilet coverage | 3.32 (0.62, 21.2) | 0.17 | 1.47 | 0.57 | 0.01 |
| Low HH toilet coverage | 1.05 (0.30, 3.68) | 0.94 | −0.51 | 0.43 | 0.24 |
| High coverage of poor FSM | 2.29 (0.31, 17.8) | 0.41 | 2.50 | 1.04 | 0.02 |
| High coverage of poor FSM/OT | NI∥ | – | −2.34 | 1.26 | 0.07 |
CI = confidence interval; FSM = fecal sludge management; GII = genotype II; HH = household; NI = no interaction; OR = odds ratio; OT = Old Town; SE = standard error.
Models are adjusted for neighborhood and hygiene status (“good” or “poor”, as discussed previously). Interactions of sanitation variable and neighborhood were tested for all models and are presented if P < 0.10.
Concentration differences are in log10 genome equivalent copies/100 mL.
Estimated relative to all other households, including those with toilets with other associated FSM and those without toilets.
Estimated relative to households without a toilet or those with “other” FSM practices.
OR for interaction is presented as predicted OR for the OT neighborhood (from the model), not as the exponentiation of the interaction term alone. P value presented is for the interaction term alone.
NI with neighborhood was included in this model (P ≥ 0.10 for interaction term).