Table 2.
Summary of peer-reviewed parasite surveillance reports identified as using One Health frameworks.
| Country (language) | Study design | Animal species – diagnostic assay | Human study population –diagnostic assay | Environmental specimen – diagnostic assay | Parasite identification by PCR (isolate source) | Risk factor analysis (host) | Quality score | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Visceral Leishmaniasis (Leishmania infantum) | ||||||||
| Georgia (English) | Cross-sectional | Dogs, jackals, foxes – ELISA (sera) | General public – Leishmanin Skin Test (LST) | Sandflies - midgut dissection | No | Yes (canid & human) | Moderate | [17] |
| Turkey (English) | Cross-sectional | Dogs – PE, IFAT & ELISA (sera), smear/culture (lymph node aspirate) | Village residents – PE, IFAT & ELISA (sera) | Sandflies - midgut dissection | No | No | Moderate | [18] |
| Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (Leishmania major, L. tropica, L. aethiopica) | ||||||||
| Egypt (English) | Cross-sectional | Rodents - Giemsa smear, culture, biochemical typing (skin scraping) | Temporary workers – PE, IHAT, Giemsa smear, culture (skin scraping) | Sandflies - midgut dissection, biochemical typing | No | No | Low | [19] |
| Iran (English) | Cross-sectional | Dogs – PE; Rodents – Giemsa stain, bioassay, culture, RAPD-PCR (skin scraping) | Village residents – PE, Giemsa stain, bioassay, culture, RAPD-PCR (skin scraping) | Sandflies - midgut dissection | Yes (animal & human) | Yes (human) | Moderate | [20] |
| Iran (English) | Outbreak investigation | Rodents - Giemsa stain, culture, RAPD-PCR (skin scraping) | CL patients – Giemsa stain, culture, RAPD-PCR (skin scraping) | Sandflies – midgut dissection, culture, bioassay, RAPD-PCR | Yes (all) | No | Moderate | [21] |
| Ethiopia (English) | Cross-sectional | Rock hyraxes, rodents – culture, bioassay, PCR (skin scraping) | Current/past CL cases – culture, bioassay (skin scraping) | Sandflies - midgut dissection | Yes (hyrax) | Yes (human) | Moderate | [22] |
| African Trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma spp.) | ||||||||
| Côte d'Ivoire (English) | Cross-sectional | Pigs – HCT, MLEE, bioassay, PCR (sera) | Residents – CATT, MLEE, bioassay, PCR (sera) | Tsetse flies – dissection, PCR | Yes (all) | No | Moderate | [23] |
| American Trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma cruzi) | ||||||||
| Venezuela (Spanish) | Cross-sectional | Dogs – ELISA, MABA (sera) | Village residents – ELISA, MABA (sera) | Triatomes – gut dissection, PCR | Yes (triatome) | Yes (dog & human) | Moderate | [24] |
| Columbia (English) | Cross-sectional | Dogs, small mammals – IFAT, ELISA, xenodiagnosis, hemoculture (sera) | Community children (< 15 yrs) – IFAT, ELISA (sera) | Triatomes – stool assay, PCR | Yes (animal & triatome) | Yes (dog) | Moderate | [25] |
| Brazil (English) | Cross-sectional | Dogs - IIFA, ELISA (sera); Small mammals – IFAT(sera) | Community residents – IIFA, ELISA, hemoculture, PCR (sera) | Triatomes – stool assay, PCR | Yes (human & triatome) | No | High | [26] |
| Columbia (Spanish) | Cross-sectional | Dogs, small mammals – ELISA, IIFA (sera) | Residents – ELISA, IIFA (sera) | Triatomes – PCR (stool) | Yes (triatome) | Yes (human) | Moderate | [27] |
| Costa Rica (English) | Cross-sectional | Dogs, cats, rats, mice, pigs, cattle, rabbits, opossum - xenodiagnosis, CF, IHA, bioassay (sera and/or necropsy) | Town residents - CF, xenodiagnosis | Triatomes – stool assay | No | Yes (animal & triatome) | Moderate | [28] |
| Babesiosis (Babesia spp.) | ||||||||
| Italy (English) | Cross-sectional | Dogs, cattle, sheep, goats, wild boars, fallow-deer, roe-deer, horses – IFA, PCR (sera) | High risk residents – ELISA (sera) | Ticks - PCR | Yes (animal & tick) | No | Moderate | [29] |
| Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii) | ||||||||
| Poland (English) | Cross-sectional | Dogs, cats, cattle, pigs, horses, goats, rabbits, poultry – Giemsa smear, DAT, PCR (sera) | Farm residents – ELFA (sera) | Water – filtration, bioassay, PCR | Yes (water) | Yes (all) | Moderate | [30] |
| Cryptosporidiosis and/or Giardiasis (Cryptosporidium & Giardia spp.) | ||||||||
| Tanzania (English) | Cross-sectional | Dogs, goats, sheep, baboons, chimpanzees – PCR (stool) | Gombe National Park and village residents – PCR (stool) | Water – filtration, PCR | Yes (all) | Yes (animal & human) | High | [31] |
| Bangladesh (English) | Cross-sectional | Cattle – IFAT, PCR (stool) | Village residents, calf handlers – IFAT, PCR (stool) | Water - filtration, IMS, PCR | Yes (all) | Yes (all) | High | [32] |
| India (English) | Cross-sectional | Dogs, cats, cattle, buffalo, goats, sheep, chickens – IMS-DFA (stool) | Diarrhea ward patients - IMS-DFA (stool) | Water – IMS-DFA | Yes (all) | Yes (all) | Moderate | [33] |
| Fishborne Trematodiasis (Heterophyidae, Echinostomatidae, Opisthorchis viverrini, Clonorchis sinensis, Metagonimus spp.) | ||||||||
| Laos (English) | Cross-sectional | Cats, fish – necropsy | Work camp residents, villagers – stool exam | Snails – cercariae shedding, dissection | No | No | Low | [34] |
| Vietnam (English) | Cross-sectional | Dogs, cats, pigs – FECT (stool); fish – necropsy | Village residents – Kato-Katz assay (stool) | Snails – cercariae shedding, dissection | No | Yes (all) | Moderate | [35] |
| Laos (English) | Cross-sectional | Cats - unsure; fish – necropsy | Village residents - MIFC or Kato-Katz (stool) | Snails - dissection | No | No | Low | [36] |
| South Korea (Korean) | Cross-sectional | Fish – PE, bioassay (necropsy) | School children with parents – formalin-ether MGL (stool) | Snails – dissection | No | No | Low | [37] |
| Schistosomiasis (Schistosoma japonicum) | ||||||||
| China (English) | 2-year longitudinal study | Dogs, cats, cattle, water buffalo, goats, pigs – Miracidia hatching test (stool) | IHAT positive village residents - Miracidia hatching test, Kato-Katz (stool) | Snails - dissection | No | Yes (snail) | Moderate | [38] |
| China (English) | Cross-sectional | Dogs, cats water buffalo, cattle, goats, pigs– Kato-Katz, PCR (stool) | Village residents (3–65 yrs) – Kato-Katz, PCR (stool) | Snails – cercariae shedding, PCR | Yes (all) | No | Moderate | [39] |
| Angiostrongyliasis (Angiostrongylus cantonensis) | ||||||||
| China (English) | Cross-sectional | Rodents – necropsy | City residents – ELISA (sera) | Snails – tissue digest, bioassay | No | Yes (all) | Moderate | [40] |
| Dirofilariasis (Dirofilaria immitis) | ||||||||
| Japan (English) | Cross-sectional | Dogs – hematocrit centrifugation assay/IFAT (sera) | City residents – ELISA (sera) | Mosquitoes - ELISA | No | Yes (dog & mosquito) | Moderate | [41] |
| Toxocariasis (Toxocara canis) | ||||||||
| Spain (English) | Cross-sectional | Dogs – zinc sulphate flotation (stool) | Village or town residents - ELISA (sera) | Soil – magnesium sulphate assay | No | Yes (all) | Low | [42] |
| Italy (English) | Cross-sectional | Dogs – sodium nitrate flotation (stool) | Area residents – ELISA (sera) | Soil - sodium nitrate flotation | No | Yes (dog & soil) | Low | [43] |
| Brazil (English) | Cross-sectional | Dogs – water-ether flotation (stool) | Community children – ELISA (sera) | Soil - flotation assay | No | Yes (dog & human) | Moderate | [44] |
| St. Lucia (English) | Cross-sectional | Dogs – Richie assay (stool) | Village children – ELISA (sera) | Soil – zinc sulfate flotation | No | Yes (human) | Moderate | [45] |
| Taeniasis (Taeniasaginata) | ||||||||
| Germany (German) | Cross-sectional | Cattle – smear test | People- smear test | Waste-water – smear test | No | No | Low | [46] |
Abbreviations: PE = Physical Exam, ELISA = Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, IFAT = Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test; PCR = Polymerase Chain Reaction; RAPD-PCR = Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-Polymerase Chain Reaction; IHAT = Indirect Haemagglutination Test; FSC – Filtration, Sedimentation, Centrifugation; FECT = Formalin-ethyl Acetate Concentration Test; MIFC = Merthiolate-Iodine-Formalin Concentrations; NR = Not reported; IMS = Immunomagnetic Separation; DFA = Direct Immunofluorescence Antibody test; IIFA = Indirect Immune Fluorescence Assay; ELFA = Enzyme Linked Fluorescent Assay; MLEE = Multilocus Enzyme Electrophoresis; HCT = Haematocrit Centrifugation Technique; CATT = Card Agglutination Test for Trypanosomosis; CF = Complement Fixation.