Table 1.
Overview of the selected publications. The columns depict; first author, year of publication, country where the study was performed, study category, occupational exposure (YES/NO, YES versus NO) with N: number of people exposed, micro-organism studied, livestock involved if (YES): animals are screened for a micro-organism, description of the people involved, main study conclusion, reference number. There are three study categories; seroepidemiology reports on studies where blood samples were analysed for specific disease markers, risk analyses reports on specific risk factors for acquiring a micro-organism and source attribution, studies where the source of specific micro-organism is identified after human cases or carriage of the specified micro-organism. For occupational exposure (YES or NO) the number of either occupational exposed, non-occupational exposed or occupational versus non-occupational exposed people are given. The column with the description of people includes occupations and when available also descriptions of control groups.
| Author | Year | Country | Study category | Occupational exposure (N =) | Micro-organism | Animals involved (screened?) | People involved | Main outcomes | Reference number |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al-Ani | 2004 | Jordan | Risk analyses | YES vs. NO (100 vs. 800) | Brucella spp. | Sheep, goats (YES) | Vetsa, sheepherders, lab technicians | More Brucella seroprevalence in human high risk group | [85] |
| Bos | 2010 | Netherlands | Source attribution | YES (872) | H7N7 Avian Influenza | Turkeys, layers, broilers | Cullers, cleaners, biosecurity managers | High infection probability for exposure infected poultry | [39] |
| Bosnjak | 2010 | Denmark | Seroepidemiology | YES (359) | Coxiella burnetii | Cattle | Farmers, vetsa, inseminators, Hoof-trimmers | 34% in vets seroconverted for C. burnetti, 11% others | [40] |
| Buxton-Bridges | 2002 | Hong Kong | Seroepidemiology | YES (1525/293) | H5N1 Avian Influenza | Poultry | Poultry workers, government workers (cullers) | More poultry related tasks, more anti-H5 seropositivity | [61] |
| Castillo-Neyra | 2014 | USA, NC | Risk analyses | YES vs. NO (162 vs. 63, 111) | MRSA, MDRSAb | Pigs | Processing plant workers, family, residents | Processing workers, more MRSA, MDR-SA, than controls | [51] |
| De Marco | 2013 | Italy | Risk analyses | YES vs. NO (123 vs. 379) | Swine Influenza H1N1pandemicc, H1N1swined | Pigs | Swine workers, Non-exposed controls | Exposure H1N1sw gives cross-immunity for H1N1pdm | [63] |
| De Rooij | 2012 | Netherlands | Seroepidemiology | YES (674) | Coxiella burnetii | “Farm animals”k | Veterinary medicine students | 18,7% of vet. Students seroconverted for C. burnetii | [41] |
| Di Trani | 2012 | Italy | Risk analyses | YES vs. NO (188 vs. 379) | H5 and H7 Avian Influenza | Poultry | Poultry workers, Non-exposed controls | Poultry workers more H7-AB positive, than controls | [60] |
| Dickx | 2010 | Belgium | Seroepidemiology | YES (53, 38) | Chlamydophila psittaci | Chickens, turkeys | Chicken and turkey slaughterhouse workers | Live animal contact risk, for C. psittaci seropositivity | [24] |
| Gaede | 2008 | Germany | Source attribution | YES (24) | Chlamydophila psittaci | Poultry (YES) | Poultry owners | Genotype C. psittaci similar in poultry and humans | [101] |
| Geenen | 2013 | Netherlands | Source attribution | YES (145) | MRSA | Broilers (YES) | Workers and residents poultry farm | People on MRSA positive farms, also MRSA carriers | [72] |
| Gilbert | 2011 | Netherlands | Source attribution | YES (341) | MRSA | Pigs (YES) | Pig slaughterhouse workers | Working with live animals, risk for human MRSA carriage | [21] |
| Gilpin | 2008 | New-Zealand | Source attribution | YES and NO (7) | Campylobacter spp. | Cattle (YES) | Dairy workers, resident children | Cattle found Campylobacter positive, after human cases | [102] |
| Gordoncillo | 2011 | USA, MI | Source attribution | NO | MRSA | Pigs (YES) | Hobby pig owners | Matched hobby pig farmers-pigs not both MRSA carriers | [73] |
| Graveland | 2011 | Netherlands | Seroepidemiology | YES (155) | MRSA | Veal calves | Veal calve farmers | Human MRSA carriage, reduced when cattle was absent | [19] |
| Gray | 2008 | USA, IA | Risk analyses | YES vs. NO (385 vs. 418, 66) | Avian Influenza | Poultry | Agricultural workers, University controls | Avian Influenza seropositivity in poultry workers | [58] |
| Gummow | 2003 | South-Africa | Interview study | YES (88) | All zoonotic diseases | “Farm animals”k | University employed vetsa | Wide range of zoonoses reported by vets in their career | [20] |
| Hackert | 2012 | Netherlands | Risk analyses | YES vs. NO (26, 50, 14 vs. 253) | Coxiella burnetii | Goats | Farm residents/workers, visitors, household contacts | Seroconversion C. burnetii related to farm distance | [25] |
| Helmy | 2013 | Egypt | Source attribution | NO (165) | Cryptosporidium parvum | Cattle, buffalo (YES) | Farm children | LA-Cryptosporidium related to children's diarrhoea cases | [18] |
| Hoek | 2008 | United Kingdom | Source attribution | NO (20) | Cryptosporidium parvum | Sheep (YES) | Students and teachers camping on a farm | No pathway found for farm visit C. parvum infections | [93] |
| Huijbers | 2013 | Netherlands | Risk analyses | NO (1025) | ESBLl-Enterobacteriaceae | Poultry | Residents in a high and low poultry density area | 5.1% ESBL-positive, lower risk ESBL carriage near poultry | [98] |
| Huijsdens | 2006 | Netherlands | Risk analyses | YES vs. NO (3 vs. 3) | MRSA | Pigs | Farmworkers and family members | Molecular analyses link human MRSA to pigs | [64] |
| Huo | 2012 | China (Jiangsu) | Seroepidemiology | YES (306) | H5N1 Avian Influenza | Poultry | Poultry workers | Poultry workers seropositive for Avian Influenza | [86] |
| Kandeel | 2010 | Egypt | Seroepidemiology | NO (6355) | H5N1 Avian Influenza | Poultry | All people having AI symptoms | Avian Influenza risk factors: rearing, slaughtering poultry | [80] |
| Kayali | 2011 | USA | Risk analyses | YES vs. NO (57, 38 vs. 82) | Avian Metapneumovirus | Turkeys | Turkey growers and processing workers, controls | Turkey slaughters Avian Metapneumo virus positive | [53] |
| Koopmans | 2004 | Netherlands | Seroepidemiology | YES (453) | H7N7 Avian Influenza | Poultry | Poultry farmers, farmworkers, family | Cullers and contacts seropositive for H7-antibodies | [46] |
| Köck | 2012 | Germany | Source attribution | YES (35) | MRSA ST398 | Pigs | Pig farmers | 59% farmers still MRSA carriers after holidays | [71] |
| Krumbholtz | 2012 | Germany | Risk analyses | YES vs. NO (24, 14, 46, 22 vs. 116) | Hepatitis E virus | Pigs | Slaughterers, meat inspectors, farmers, vetsa, controls | Slaughterhouse workers more positive HEV antibodies | [52] |
| Leibler | 2010 | USA (MD, VA) | Risk analyses | YES vs. NO (24 vs. 75) | Avian Influenza | Poultry | Poultry workers, agricultural community members | No seropositivity Avian Influenza in US poultry workers | [57] |
| Liu | 2008 | China (Pearl river delta) | Descriptive study | n.a. | Avian Influenza, not focuse | Chickens, turkeys | Chicken owners | No epidemiology, overview poultry practises China | [16] |
| Lohiniva | 2012 | Egypt | Risk analyses | n.a. | H5N1 Avian Influenza | Poultry | Households with chickens | Overview post outbreak measures on poultry practises | [17] |
| López-Robles | 2012 | Mexico | Risk analyses | YES vs. NO (62 vs. 63) | Swine Influenza | Pigs | Swine workers, non-exposed controls | Swine workers compared with general public | [62] |
| Lyytikäinen | 1998 | Germany | Seroepidemiology | NO (239) | Coxiella burnetii | Sheep | All residents in a specific rural area | Specific sheep flock linked to human Q-fever cases | [99] |
| Manfredi-Selvaggi | 1996 | Italy | Seroepidemiology | NO (58) | Coxiella burnetii | Sheep | All residents in a specific rural area | Passing sheep flock causes human Q-fever outbreak | [100] |
| Meader | 2009 | United Kingdom | Seroepidemiology | YES (413) | Hepatitis E virus | Cat, chicken, deer, goat, horse, pig, sheep | UK Farmers Cohort | Animal contact risk factor HEV, pigs not specific | [56] |
| Milne | 1999 | United Kingdom | Source attribution | NO (3) | VTEC 0157fEscherichia coli | Goats, cattle (YES) | Children visiting recreational educational farm | Outbreak E. coli O157 linked to public accessible farm | [91] |
| Ming | 2006 | China | Source attribution | YES (100 exposed, 30 infected) | Trichophyton verrucosum | Cattle (YES) | Animal workers | Cattle and farm workers infected with T. verrucosum | [87] |
| Monno | 2009 | South-Italy | Risk analyses | YES vs. NO (128 vs. 280) | Coxiella burnetii, Leptospira spp., Brucella spp. | “Farm animals”k | Animal workers, vets*, blood donors | C. burnetii seroconversion found in Animal workers | [55] |
| Morgan | 2009 | United Kingdom | Seroepidemiology | YES (142) | H7N3 Avian Influenza | Poultry | People in contact with live or death infected animals | Incomplete PPE, resulted in significant infection risk | [45] |
| Mulders | 2010 | Netherlands | Source attribution | YES (466) | MRSA | Poultry (YES) | Poultry slaughterhouse personal | Working with live animals, risk for human MRSA carriage | [23] |
| Myers | 2006 | USA | Risk analyses | YES vs. NO (111, 97, 65 vs. 79) | Swine Influenza | Pigs | Farmers, meat processing workers, vetsa, controls | More SI seroprevalence in work-exposed, than controls | [49] |
| Okoye | 2013 | Nigeria | Risk analyses | YES vs. NO (316 vs. 54) | Avian Influenza | Poultry | Farmers, open market workers, controls | No risk factor identified for Avian Influenza transmission | [83] |
| Oppliger | 2012 | West-Switzerland | Source attribution | YES (67, 8) | MRSA | Pigs (YES) | Pig farmers, vetsa | Pig and farmer/vet MRSA similar serotypes | [67] |
| Ortiz | 2006 | Nigeria (Kano) | Seroepidemiology | YES (295, 25) | H5N1 Avian Influenza | Poultry | Poultry workers, laboratory workers | No serological evidence for H5N1 infections identified | [82] |
| Osadebe | 2012 | USA (CT) | Source attribution | YES | MRSA | Pigs (YES) | Pig farmers | Pigs carried human MRSA serotypes, possible anthroponosis | [74] |
| Padungtod | 2005 | North-Thailand | Source attribution | YES and NO (197, 4 and 100, 205) | Campylobacter | Chickens, pigs, dairy cattle (YES) | Farm staff, slaughterers, community, diarrhoea patients | Campylobacter found in food animals and environments | [111] |
| Petersen | 2012 | Denmark | Seroepidemiology | NO | MRSA mecC gene positiveg | Cattle, sheep | All MRSA samples from national databank | Cattle/sheep contact, possible risk factor mecC MRSA | [97] |
| Pletinckx | 2012 | Belgium | Source attribution | YES and NO (10, 10 and 13) | MRSA ST398h | Pigs, poultry, cattle, dogs, cats, rodents (YES) | Farmers, vetsa, family members of farmers | Farms LA-MRSA positive, environment, humans, animals | [65] |
| Puzelli | 2005 | Italy | Seroepidemiology | YES (983) | Avian Influenza; H7N1 HPAIi, H7N3 LPAIj | Poultry | Poultry workers | Poultry workers H7N3 seropositive,after avian outbreak | [59] |
| Rabinowitz | 2012 | Egypt | Source attribution | n.a. | H5N1 Avian Influenza | Poultry, wild birds | All H5N1 confirmed human cases | Comparison animal and human H5N1 data bases | [84] |
| Radon | 2007 | Germany | Source attribution | NO (2425) | n.a. | “Farm animals”k | Neighbours confined animal feeding operations (CAFO) | Adverse-health effects residents with CAFO < 500 m home | [94] |
| Schimmer | 2012 | Netherlands | Seroepidemiology | YES (268) | Coxiella burnetii | Goats | People living or working on dairy goat farms | C. burnetii seroconversion in farmers, spouses, children | [54] |
| Schulze | 2011 | Germany | Source attribution | NO (457) | n.a. | “Farm animals”k | Non-farm residents | NH3 as proxy for exposure from CAFOs to residents | [95] |
| Scott | 2005 | USA | Source attribution | YES and NO (472) | Antibiotic Resistant Escherichia coli | Pigs (YES) | Consumers, pig workers, slaughter-plant workers | No similarity E. coli resistance profiles, pigs and humans | [50] |
| Siwila | 2007 | Zambia | Source attribution | YES (82, 207) | Cryptosporidium parvum | Cattle (YES) | Farm workers, household members | Similar Cryptosporidium found in humans and calves | [81] |
| Skowronski | 2007 | Canada | Seroepidemiology | YES (167) | H7N3 Avian Influenza | Poultry | Cullers, farmers, family members | PPE should be combined with vaccination, prophylaxis | [44] |
| Smit | 2012 | Netherlands | Risk analyses | NO (95,548) | Coxiella burnetii | Goats, poultry | Residents, general practitioners data | Poultry risk for pneumonia, goats risk for Q-fever | [26] |
| Spohr | 2011 | SW-Germany | Source attribution | YES (9) | MRSA | Cattle, pigs (YES) | People working on cattle farms | MRSA found in every section of the farm and on farmers | [69] |
| Te Beest | 2011 | Netherlands | Source attribution | YES | H7N7 Avian Influenza | Poultry (YES) | People that visited farms during on H7N7 AI outbreak | Humans act as vector for H7N7 between poultry farms | [47] |
| Thorson | 2006 | Vietnam | Source attribution | NO (45,478) | Avian Influenza | Poultry | All residents in a specific rural area | Flu-like symptoms linked to handling live, death poultry | [77] |
| Tissot-Dupont | 2005 | France | Source attribution | NO (85) | Coxiella burnetii | Sheep | All people positive for IgG or IgM against C. burnetii | Specific pedagogical farm source Q-fever outbreak | [28] |
| Trevena | 1999 | United Kingdom | Source attribution | YES and NO (69) | VTEC 0157fEscherichia coli | Cattle, pony, dog (YES) | People working, living or visiting a farm | VTEC O157 infections after animal contact, food products | [92] |
| Uzel | 2005 | Turkey | Risk analyses | NO (9) | Orf virus | Sheep, goat | People illegally slaughtering animals | Sheep/goat related Orf cases, after feast-of-sacrifice | [90] |
| Van Cleef | 2010 | Netherlands | Risk analyses | YES vs. NO (49 vs. 534) | MRSA ST398h | Pigs | People living or working on farms, non-farm residents | MRSA ST398 in farm population (26.5%), controls (0.2%) | [96] |
| Van Cleef | 2011 | Netherlands | Risk analyses | YES (40) | MRSA | Veal calves | Fieldworkers | Short MRSA exposure leads to carriage, cleared after 24 h | [66] |
| Van Cleef | 2010 | Netherlands | Risk analyses | YES (249) | MRSA | Pigs | Pig slaughterhouse workers | Working with live animals, risk for human MRSA carriage | [22] |
| Van den Broek | 2009 | Netherlands | Source attribution | YES (50, 171, 11) | MRSA | Pigs (YES) | Farmers, family, farm workers | Only human MRSA carriage on farms with positive pigs | [70] |
| Van der Hoek | 2011 | Netherlands | Risk analyses | n.a. | Coxiella burnetii | Goats, sheep, cattle | All residents in a specific rural area | Protective factors human Q-fever; vegetation, moist soil | [120] |
| Van Duijkeren | 2010 | Netherlands | Source attribution | YES vs. NO (61, 106 vs. 64) | MRSA ST398h | Horses (YES) | Veterinary teaching hospital staff and students | Vet. students, staff and horses carried same MRSA ST398 | [43] |
| Van Kerkhove | 2008 | Cambodia | Risk analyses | NO (3600) | H5N1 Avian Influenza | Poultry | Households with chickens | Model H5N1 risks, poultry contact as transmission proxy | [78] |
| Verkade | 2013 | Netherlands | Risk analyses | YES (137) | MRSA ST398h | Pigs, veal calves | Livestock vetsa | Veterinarians often (persistent-) carriers MRSA ST398 | [42] |
| Wang | 2014 | Australia, Cambodia | Source attribution | YES vs. NO (36 vs. 210) | Blastocystis | Pigs (YES) | Pig farm workers (Australia), Village people (Cambodia) | Blastocystis zoonotic Australia, non-zoonotic Cambodia | [76] |
| Whelan | 2011 | Netherlands | Seroepidemiology | YES (517 ≥ 246) | Coxiella burnetii | Goat, sheep | Culling workers | Exposure-response like seroconversion for C. burnetii | [48] |
| Wong | 2012 | USA (PA) | Seroepidemiology | NO (127) | H3N2 Swine Influenza | Pigs | Members of an agricultural club | Closeness contact pigs determines H3N2 seropositivity | [27] |
| Wulf | 2011 | Netherlands | Risk analyses | YES and NO (640) | MRSA ST398h | Pigs, veal calves | Study on screening data for MRSA | Work related LA-MRSA infections increased over years | [68] |
n.a.: Not applicable
a
Veterinarians.
b
Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
c
H1N1 2009 pandemic Influenza strain.
d
H1N1 swine Influenza strain.
e
The focus in this study was on poultry keeping practises, Avian Influenza was only briefly mentioned and therefore not the focus of the study.
f
Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli, strain O157.
g
Specific livestock related S. aureus resistance gene.
h
Sequence Type 398, livestock derived S. aureus substrain.
i
High pathogenic Avian Influenza.
j
Low pathogenic Avian Influenza.
k
Livestock types not specified, all farm animals included to the study.
l
Extended-Spectrum-β-lactamase producing.