Table 3.
Comparison of food group intake between participants without diabetes and those with type 1 diabetes, combined and stratified by insulin regimen
| No diabetes (n=1059) | T1D (n=97) | T1D
|
OR (95% CI)
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basal-bolus insulin (n=49) | Fixed Insulin (n=48) | T1D vs. no diabetes (ref) ‡ | Basal-bolus vs. no diabetes (ref) ‡ | Fixed vs. no diabetes (ref) ‡ | |||
| Rice | |||||||
| ≤ Median † (ref) | 50.1 (530) | 56.7 (55) | 55.1 (27) | 58.3 (28) | 0.74 (0.49, 1.13) | 0.81 (0.45, 1.45) | 0.68 (0.38, 1.23) |
| > Median | 50.0 (529) | 43.3 (42) | 44.9 (22) | 41.7 (20) | |||
| Wheat products | |||||||
| ≤ Median † (ref) | 50.1 (530) | 38.1 (37) | 44.9 (22) | 31.3 (15) | 1.66 (1.08, 2.56) | 1.39 (0.78, 2.49) | 2.03 (1.08, 3.81) |
| > Median | 50.0 (529) | 61.9 (60) | 55.1 (27) | 68.8 (33) | |||
| Low-fat cakes | |||||||
| Non-consumer (ref) | 87.0 (921) | 68.0 (66) | 65.3 (32) | 70.8 (34) | 3.19 (1.99, 5.10) | 3.25 (1.74, 6.06) | 3.12 (1.62, 6.03) |
| Consumer | 13.0 (138) | 32.0 (31) | 34.7 (17) | 29.2 (14) | |||
| High-fat cakes | |||||||
| Non-consumer (ref) | 90.9 (963) | 81.4 (79) | 81.6 (40) | 81.3 (39) | 2.25 (1.28, 3.95) | 1.91 (0.89, 4.09) | 2.73 (1.25, 5.95) |
| Consumer | 9.1 (96) | 18.6 (18) | 18.4 (9) | 18.8 (9) | |||
| Fried foods | |||||||
| Non-consumer (ref) | 69.3 (734) | 76.3 (74) | 81.6 (40) | 70.8 (34) | 0.68 (0.42, 1.11) | 0.48 (0.23, 1.00) | 0.93 (0.49, 1.77) |
| Consumer | 30.7 (325) | 23.7 (23) | 18.4 (9) | 29.2 (14) | |||
| Fast food | |||||||
| Non-consumer (ref) | 42.5 (450) | 41.2 (40) | 44.9 (22) | 37.5 (18) | 1.03 (0.68, 1.58) | 0.87 (0.49, 1.55) | 1.23 (0.68, 2.25) |
| Consumer | 57.5 (609) | 58.8 (57) | 55.1 (27) | 62.5 (30) | |||
| Vegetables | |||||||
| ≤ Median † (ref) | 50.1 (530) | 11.3 (11) | 8.2 (4) | 14.6 (7) | 8.33 (4.37, 15.86) | 11.45 (4.06, 32.26) | 6.53 (2.88, 14.78) |
| > Median | 50.0 (529) | 88.7 (86) | 91.8 (45) | 85.4 (41) | |||
| Fruit | |||||||
| Non-consumer (ref) | 26.0 (275) | 32.0 (31) | 18.4 (9) | 45.8 (22) | 0.70 (0.44, 1.13) | 1.20 (0.56, 2.57) | 0.47 (0.26, 0.87) |
| Consumer | 74.0 (784) | 68.0 (66) | 81.6 (40) | 54.2 (26) | |||
| Fungi & seaweed | |||||||
| Non-consumer (ref) | 65.3 (692) | 41.2 (40) | 34.7 (17) | 47.9 (23) | 2.69 (1.76, 4.12) | 3.47 (1.89, 6.36) | 2.10 (1.17, 3.77) |
| Consumer | 34.7 (367) | 58.8 (57) | 65.3 (32) | 52.1 (25) | |||
| Nuts & seeds | |||||||
| Non-consumer (ref) | 66.3 (702) | 56.7 (55) | 57.1 (28) | 56.3 (27) | 1.49 (0.97, 2.29) | 1.31 (0.73, 2.36) | 1.71 (0.94, 3.11) |
| Consumer | 33.7 (357) | 43.3 (42) | 42.9 (21) | 43.8 (21) | |||
| Beans & bean products | |||||||
| Non-consumer (ref) | 25.4 (269) | 19.6 (19) | 14.3 (7) | 25.0 (12) | 1.40 (0.83, 2.36) | 2.10 (0.93, 4.74) | 1.00 (0.51, 1.96) |
| Consumer | 74.6 (790) | 80.4 (78) | 85.7 (42) | 75.0 (36) | |||
| Red meat | |||||||
| ≤ Median † (ref) | 50.0 (529) | 42.3 (41) | 42.9 (21) | 41.7 (20) | 1.32 (0.86, 2.02) | 1.24 (0.69, 2.23) | 1.40 (0.77, 2.54) |
| > Median | 50.1 (530) | 57.7 (56) | 57.1 (28) | 58.3 (28) | |||
| Poultry | |||||||
| Non-consumer (ref) | 64.4 (682) | 69.1 (67) | 65.3 (32) | 72.9 (35) | 0.72 (0.46, 1.14) | 0.79 (0.43, 1.46) | 0.65 (0.34, 1.26) |
| Consumer | 35.6 (377) | 30.9 (30) | 34.7 (17) | 27.1 (13) | |||
| Fish & shellfish | |||||||
| Non-consumer (ref) | 59.1 (626) | 48.5 (47) | 40.8 (20) | 56.3 (27) | 1.52 (1.00, 2.32) | 1.95 (1.08, 3.52) | 1.18 (0.65, 2.13) |
| Consumer | 40.9 (433) | 51.6 (50) | 59.2 (29) | 43.8 (21) | |||
| Eggs | |||||||
| ≤ Median † (ref) | 50.1 (530) | 39.2 (38) | 34.7 (17) | 43.8 (21) | 1.55 (1.01, 2.38) | 1.76 (0.96, 3.21) | 1.38 (0.77, 2.48) |
| > Median | 50.0 (529) | 60.8 (59) | 65.3 (32) | 56.3 (27) | |||
| Milk & milk products | |||||||
| Non-consumer (ref) | 34.0 (360) | 17.5 (17) | 14.3 (7) | 20.8 (10) | 2.39 (1.35, 4.25) | 2.19 (0.95, 5.05) | 2.57 (1.19, 5.53) |
| Consumer | 66.0 (699) | 82.5 (80) | 85.7 (42) | 79.2 (38) | |||
| Sugar-sweetened beverages | |||||||
| Non-consumer (ref) | 89.9 (952) | 90.7 (88) | 85.7 (42) | 95.8 (46) | 0.85 (0.41, 1.74) | 1.24 (0.54, 2.87) | 0.40 (0.10, 1.70) |
| Consumer | 10.1 (107) | 9.3 (9) | 14.3 (7) | 4.2 (2) | |||
Note: T1D-type 1 diabetes; ref-referent.
Values are given as percentage (n) or OR (95% CI).
†
Median defined according to distribution in g/1000 kcal among participants without diabetes.
‡
OR (95% CI) from multivariable logistic regression, adjusted for sex (male versus female), age (< 22 years versus ≥ 22 years), and residence status (urban versus rural).