Table 2.
Factors associated with 4-year all-cause mortality of the hemodialysis patients.
| Variables | Person-months | Number of death | Univariate measure | Multivariate-adjusted measure | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95%CI | HR | 95%CI | |||
| Study groups | ||||||
| Non-e-intervention | 12880.8 | 65 | 1.264 | (0.881, 1.813) | 1.991* | (1.194, 3.317) |
| e-intervention | 13442.5 | 54 | — | — | — | — |
| Basic demographics | ||||||
| Education level | ||||||
| Under junior high school | 17977.5 | 104 | 3.267* | (1.901, 5.615) | 1.913* | (1.012, 3.616) |
| Senior high school and above | 8345.8 | 15 | — | — | — | — |
| Occupation | ||||||
| Laborer | 3076.0 | 4 | — | — | ||
| Non-laborer | 5070.4 | 16 | 2.438 | (0.815, 7.293) | ||
| Unemployment | 18177.0 | 99 | 4.274* | (1.573, 11.613) | ||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 13706.1 | 16 | — | — | — | — |
| Not married | 12617.2 | 103 | 6.125* | (3.616,10.375) | 5.500* | (2.934, 10.311) |
| Body mass index (each increment) | — | — | 0.981 | (0.926, 1.039) | ||
| Disease characteristics and co-morbidities | ||||||
| Duration of HD (years) | — | — | 0.973 | (0.939, 1.009) | ||
| Co-morbidities | ||||||
| HBV antigen | ||||||
| Negative | 23076.8 | 109 | — | — | — | — |
| Positive | 3246.4 | 10 | 0.647 | (0.339, 1.237) | 1.246 | (0.598, 2.598) |
| HCV antibody | ||||||
| Negative | 22017.7 | 97 | — | — | ||
| Positive | 4305.5 | 22 | 1.153 | (0.726, 1.832) | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | ||||||
| No | 21570.8 | 70 | — | — | ||
| Yes | 4752.5 | 49 | 3.271* | (2.269, 4.715) | ||
| Hypertension | ||||||
| No | 17324.5 | 81 | — | — | ||
| Yes | 8998.8 | 38 | 0.900 | (0.612, 1.324) | ||
| Vascular access type | ||||||
| A-V fistula | 20119.3 | 75 | — | — | — | — |
| A-V graft | 5252.0 | 31 | 1.596* | (1.050, 2.425) | 1.589 | (0.953, 2.649) |
| Double lumen catheter | 952.0 | 13 | 3.822* | (2.119, 6.894) | 1.975 | (0.952, 4.095) |
| Physiological and biochemical variables before the e-intervention | ||||||
| Daily urine amount (mL/day) | — | — | 0.970* | (0.949, 0.992) | ||
| Surface area of the dialyzer (m2) | — | — | 1.316 | (0.695, 2.491) | ||
| Albumin (g/dL) | — | — | 0.249* | (0.150, 0.414) | 0.771 | (0.356, 1.669) |
| Pre-HD creatinine (mg/dL) | — | — | 0.748* | (0.686, 0.815) | 0.813* | (0.708, 0.933) |
| nPCR (g/kg/day) | — | — | 0.452* | (0.257, 0.794) | ||
| TACurea (mg/dL) | — | — | 0.963* | (0.946, 0.981) | ||
| Potassium (meq/L) | — | — | 0.647* | (0.497, 0.843) | ||
| Kt/V | — | — | 0.881 | (0.499, 1.555) | ||
| URR | — | — | 2.572 | (0.153, 43.341) | 4.251 | (0.132, 136.648) |
| Hematocrit (%) | — | — | 0.963 | (0.920, 1.008) | 1.034 | (0.956, 1.117) |
| Iron supply | ||||||
| No | 20830.5 | 91 | — | — | — | — |
| Yes | 5492.8 | 28 | 1.166 | (0.763, 1.781) | 1.274 | (0.780, 2.081) |
| Monthly EPO usage (1000U/month) | — | — | 1.016 | (0.995, 1.037) | 1.010 | (0.981, 1.041) |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | — | — | 0.856 | (0.701, 1.047) | ||
| Phosphate (mg/dL) | — | — | 0.836* | (0.727, 0.961) | 1.107 | (0.918, 1.334) |
| iPTH (ng/mL) | — | — | 0.999 | (0.999, 1.000) | ||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | — | — | 0.991* | (0.985, 0.996) | 0.994 | (0.987, 1) |
| Cardiothoracic ratio | — | — | 555.934* | (41.821, 7390.177) | 28.888 | (0.818, 1020.780) |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | — | — | 1.004* | (1.003, 1.006) | 1.003* | (1.001, 1.005) |
| Blood flow (cc/min) | — | — | 0.989* | (0.984, 0.993) | 1.002 | (0.994, 1.009) |
| Anuria | ||||||
| No | 2778.5 | 1 | — | — | — | — |
| Yes | 23544.8 | 118 | 14.197* | (1.984, 101.596) | 6.031 | (0.809, 44.966) |
| Hospitalization days | — | — | 1.017* | (1.007, 1.027) | ||
| Cause of death | ||||||
| GI | 11686.3 | 35 | 1.818 | (0.944, 3.503) | ||
| CVDs | 4896.5 | 49 | 6.262* | (3.329, 11.779) | ||
| Infections | 7235.4 | 12 | 5.772* | (2.871, 11.602) | ||
| Others | 2505.1 | 23 | — | — | ||
HD: hemodialysis; A-V: arteriovenous; EPO: erythropoietin; iPTH: intact parathyroid hormone; URR: urea reduction ratio; HBV: hepatitis B virus; HCV: hepatitis C virus; nPCR: normalized protein catabolic rate; TACurea: time-averaged concentration of urea
*p-value < 0.05 in the univariate and multivariate-adjusted analyses.