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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Free Radic Biol Med. 2016 Dec 16;109:125–131. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.020

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Reduced Trx1 with free Cys32 and Cys35 can interact with and reduce oxidized target molecules having disulfide bonds. Although this reaction produces oxidized Trx1 with an intramolecule disulfide linkage between Cys32 and Cys35, the oxidized Trx1 can be reduced again (recycled) by TrxR in the presence of the electron donor, NADPH. Examples of Trx1 targets include histone deactylase 4 (HDAC4) and AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK).