Figure 1.
Reduced Trx1 with free Cys32 and Cys35 can interact with and reduce oxidized target molecules having disulfide bonds. Although this reaction produces oxidized Trx1 with an intramolecule disulfide linkage between Cys32 and Cys35, the oxidized Trx1 can be reduced again (recycled) by TrxR in the presence of the electron donor, NADPH. Examples of Trx1 targets include histone deactylase 4 (HDAC4) and AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK).