Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of all study variables by race
| Variable | Mean (standard deviation) or N (%)
|
||
|---|---|---|---|
| White (N = 81,273) |
Black (N = 32,594) |
Hispanic (N = 13,300) |
|
| Patient characteristics | |||
| Age | 58.8 (11.0) | 60.9 (8.9) | 59.7 (11.2) |
| Male (N, %) | 45,309 (55.7) | 19,525 (59.9) | 8119 (61.0) |
| Cirrhosis (N, %) | 32,150 (39.6) | 10,433 (32.0) | 6680 (50.2) |
| HCV/HIV coinfection (N, %) | 4266 (5.3) | 5407 (16.6) | 1509 (11.3) |
| LIS (low-income subsidy) enrollees (N, %) | 60,581 (74.5) | 29,257 (89.8) | 11,836 (89.0) |
| Having diabetes (N, %) | 25,150 (30.1) | 16,118 (49.5) | 6425 (48.3) |
| Having hypertension (N, %) | 49,646 (61.1) | 27,555 (84.5) | 9122 (68.6) |
| Having ischemic heart disease (%) | 23,562 (28.1) | 12,732 (39.1) | 4184 (31.5) |
| Having hyperlipidemia (N, %) | 27,679 (34.1) | 13,869 (42.6) | 5019 (37.7) |
| Having depression (N, %) | 39,904 (49.1) | 11,408 (35.0) | 5582 (42.0) |
| Having congestive heart failure (N, %) | 14,414 (17.7) | 10,141 (31.1) | 2849 (21.4) |
| Having cataract (N, %) | 9674 (11.9) | 3817 (11.7) | 1643 (12.4) |
| Having chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (N, %) | 25,212 (31.0) | 8149 (25.0) | 2494 (18.8) |
| Number of chronic conditions | 4.3 (2.9) | 5.3 (3.0) | 4.7 (3.0) |
| Local-area characteristics | |||
| Residing in ZIP with below median household income (N, %) | 37,819 (46.5) | 21,200 (65.0) | 7107 (53.4) |
| Percent college educated in beneficiary’s residence | 21.4 (13.1) | 19.2 (12.4) | 18.4 (12.1) |
| Urban (N, %) | 61,636 (75.8) | 29,999 (92.0) | 12,148 (91.3) |
| Plan characteristics | |||
| Applying prior authorization (N, %) | 81,070 (99.8) | 32,540 (99.8) | 13,282 (99.9) |
| Enhanced plan (N, %) | 20,427 (25.1) | 4675 (14.3) | 1765 (13.3) |
| Gap coverage plan (N, %) | 5075 (6.2) | 842 (2.6) | 408 (3.1) |
| Deductible plan (N, %) | 57,012 (70.2) | 25,820 (79.2) | 10,585 (79.6) |
| Census region | |||
| Northeast (N, %) | 15,873 (19.5) | 6701 (20.6) | 948 (7.1) |
| Midwest (N, %) | 16,601 (20.4) | 6455 (19.8) | 3436 (25.8) |
| South (N, %) | 31,026 (38.2) | 16,162 (49.6) | 3955 (29.7) |
| West (N, %) | 17,765 (21.9) | 3276 (10.1) | 4961 (37.3) |