. 2017 Jun 8;8:887. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00887

Table 6.

Adolescent depressive symptomatology as a function of psycho-social characteristics; crude associations by gender.

Variables	Boys (n = 387)	Girls (n = 459)
	b (s.e.)	b (s.e.)
DEMOGRAPHICS
School grade (8 through 12)	0.18 (0.14)	0.50 (0.16)^***
Religion
None declared^a	–	–
Christianity	−0.75 (0.43)	−0.74 (0.58)
Islam	−0.13 (1.04)	−0.21 (1.23)
Other	−0.58 (0.97)	−2.33 (1.56)
Residential Instability
0 moves/school changes^a	–	–
1 move/school change	0.97 (0.56)	1.07 (0.71)
2 or more moves/school	2.27 (0.58)^***	2.57 (0.73)^***
changes
Intact biological family
No ^a	–	–
Yes	−1.18 (0.42)^**	−0.24 (0.51)
Born in Norway
No^a	–	–
Yes	−0.41 (0.69)	−0.12 (0.79)
Immigrant background
No^a	–	–
Yes	0.19 (0.51)	−0.21 (0.62)
Perceived low SES	0.27 (0.11)^*	0.32 (0.13)^*
PSYCHO-SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS
School dissatisfaction	2.47 (0.30)^***	3.48 (0.29)^***
Close friend
Other^a	–	–
At least one close friend	−3.44 (0.79)^***	−3.81 (0.79)^***
Ever attempted suicide
No^a	–	–
Yes	9.16 (1.18)^***	10.24 (1.07)^***
Don't know/Will not respond	2.03 (0.89)^*	5.00 (0.94)^***
Ever self-harmed
No^a	–	–
Yes	5.20 (0.69)^***	5.61 (0.54)^***
Don't know/Will not respond	3.22 (1.08)^**	5.77 (0.93)^***
Chronic illness diagnosis
No^a	–	–
Yes	1.49 (0.49)^**	0.98 (0.57)
Emotional problems (SDQ scores)	1.17 (0.09)^***	1.33 (0.07)^***
Emotional problems (SDQ clinical)
No^a	–	–
Yes	6.09 (0.79)^***	6.22 (0.47)^***

Shown are the unstandardized regression coefficients (i.e., b) from crude regression models examining the associations between each individual characteristic and adolescent depressive symptomatology as measured by the PHQ-9 continuous scores. For categorical predictors, the reference group is noted by superscript ^a.

p < 0.05.

^**

p < 0.01.

^***

p < 0.001.