Table 3.

Measured parameters of bone mineral density and sarcopenia according to the ACTN3 genotypes.

	ACTN3 genotype			p values
	RR (n = 88)	RX (n = 175)	XX (n = 69)
Sites of BMD
L1–L4 (g/cm2)	0.991 ± 0.186	0.984 ± 0.167	0.947 ± 0.167	0.254
L1–L4 T-score	−1.619 ± 1.175	−1.478 ± 1.269	−1.784 ± 1.220	0.232
L2–L4 (g/cm2)	1.024 ± 0.196	1.008 ± 0.172	0.967 ± 0.173	0.140
L2–L4 T-score	−1.249 ± 1.601	−1.386 ± 1.419	−1.720 ± 1.431	0.142
Femur neck (g/cm2)	0.764 ± 0.134	0.742 ± 0.124	0.701 ± 0.110∗	0.007
Femur neck T-score	−1.499 ± 1.085	−1.658 ± 1.018	−2.010 ± 0.914∗,#	0.007
Femur total (g/cm2)	0.847 ± 0.134	0.828 ± 0.132	0.788 ± 0.133∗	0.022
Femur total T-score	−1.019 ± 1.166	−1.158 ± 1.132	−1.507 ± 1.148	0.026
Total body (g/cm2)	1.005 ± 0.106	0.999 ± 0.100	0.965 ± 0.104	0.030
Total body T score	−1.375 ± 1.121	−1.466 ± 1.071	−1.851 ± 1.108∗,#	0.017
ASM (kg/m2)	6.175 ± 0.846	6.049 ± 0.783	5.821 ± 0.601∗	0.016
Vitamin D (nmol/L)	46.7 ± 26.5	45.9 ± 23.5	44.9 ± 19.0	0.368

BMD: bone mass density; L: lumbar; ASM: appendicular skeletal muscle mass; the Bonferroni critical value (p = 0.025) was used for statistical significances of BMDs and T-scores by dividing p = 0.05 by the number of tests (n = 2).

∗ denotes that XX homozygotes were significantly different compared to RR homozygotes. # denotes that XX homozygotes were significantly different compared to RX heterozygotes.