FIGURE 2—

Adverse Outcome Pathway for Cardiovascular Outcomes

Source. Action of specific chemicals and metals adapted from Kirkley and Sargis.²⁶

Note. As = Arsenic; AO = adverse outcome; BaP = benzo[a]pyrene; BPA = bisphenol A; Cd = Cadmium; DEHP = di(2-ethylhexyl) phthlate; DES = diethylstilbestrol; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; IKE = intermediate key event; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; PCB = polychlorinated biphenyl; PFOS = perfluorooctane sulfonic acid; PM_2.5 = particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm; TCDD = tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. This figure illustrates the biological pathway leading from exposure to adverse cardiovascular outcomes for a variety of chemicals. On the left-hand side of the figure these pathways are linked to the adverse outcome pathway, and on the right-hand side of the figure we see the traditional risk factors for adverse cardiovascular outcomes.