Table 2. Risk factors associated with cavernous sinus invasion.
| Total | Rate of cavernous sinus involvement | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | No n (%) |
Yes n (%) |
OR (95% CI) | p -Value | |
| Total | 176 | 136 | 40 | – | – |
| Age < 50 y | 86 | 71 (52) | 15 (37.5) | 1.8 (0.9–3.8) | 0.1 |
| Gender: male | 83 | 62 (46) | 21 (52.5) | 1.3 (0.6–2.7) | 0.4 |
| Presenting symptoms | |||||
| Apoplexy | 12 | 10 (7) | 2 (5) | 0.7 (0.1–3.2) | 0.6 |
| Hormonal disturbance a | 66 | 56 (41) | 10 (25) | 0.5 (0.2–1.0) | 0.06 |
| Vision loss | 27 | 19 (14) | 8 (20) | 1.5 (0.6–3.8) | 0.3 |
| Double vision | 10 | 5 (4) | 5 (13) | 3.7 (1.0 – 13.7) | 0.03 |
| Headache | 48 | 38 (28) | 10 (25) | 0.9 (0.4–1.9) | 0.7 |
| Incidental | 28 | 21 (15) | 7 (18) | 1.2 (0.5–3.0) | 0.7 |
| Size | |||||
| Macroadenoma (> 1 cm) | 135 | 97 | 38 | 7.6 (1.8 – 33) | 0.002 |
| Tumor type | |||||
| Nonfunctional | 106 | 79 | 27 | 1.5 (0.7–3.2) | 0.3 |
| Prolactin secreting | 27 | 24 | 3 | 0.4 (0.1–1.3) | 0.1 |
| GH secreting | 24 | 17 | 7 | 1.5 (0.6–3.9) | 0.4 |
| ACTH secreting | 17 | 14 | 3 | 0.7 (0.2–2.6) | 0.6 |
| TSH secreting | 2 | 2 | 0 | – | – |
| Tumor staining by IHC | |||||
| ACTH staining | 20 | 12 | 8 | 2.6 (1.0–6.9) | 0.05 |
Abbreviations: ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; CI, confidence interval; GH, growth hormone; IHC, immunohistochemical; OR, odds ratio; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone.
a
Including hypersecretion, stalk effect, and hypopituitarism.