Table 3.
Outcome Measures by Group
| Outcome Measures | MM | Waitlist | Group effect | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Visit 1 Mean (SD) | Visit 2 Mean (SD) | Visit 1 Mean (SD) | Visit 2 Mean (SD) | Unadj p | FDR p | partial eta squared | adjusted mean differ. | |
| Self-Rated | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| NEO- N | 24.8 (7.2) | 20.7 (7.7) | 24.4 (9.3) | 23.6 (9.7) | .0001 | .001** | .12 | 3.3 |
| PSS | 18.7 (5.9) | 15.2 (5.7) | 18.5 (6.1) | 18.5 (7.2) | .0001 | .001** | .11 | 3.5 |
| CESD1 | 17.6(8.5) | 12.4(7.6) | 19.4(10.5) | 18.5(10.9) | .0002 | .002** | .11 | 4.9 |
| NEO-A1 | 33.9(4.9) | 36.1(5.1) | 33.5(6.3) | 33.6(6.2) | .0006 | .003** | .09 | −2.2 |
| NEO-C | 28.6(7.5) | 31.0(6.3) | 31.1(7.1) | 30.7(7.3) | .0003 | .002** | .10 | −2.3 |
| NEO-E | 24.5(4.5) | 25.3(4.3) | 25.3(6.4) | 24.8(6.7) | .03 | .09 | .04 | −1.3 |
| NEO-O | 27.4(5.5) | 28.0(5.3) | 26.6(5.8) | 26.5(5.1) | .10 | .18 | .02 | −0.9 |
| PANAS-neg1 | 21.7(6.4) | 17.9(5.5) | 21.9(7.5) | 20.8(7.7) | .001 | .005** | .08 | 2.7 |
| PANAS-pos1 | 32.1(6.3) | 33.1(6.0) | 32.7(7.1) | 32.1(6.0) | .07 | .14 | .03 | −1.4 |
| GPSE1 | 29.6(3.5) | 30.3(3.7) | 30.1(4.2) | 29.2(4.0) | .003 | .009* | .07 | −1.5 |
| Sf-36 fatigue1 | 39.8(19.7) | 51.3(21.7) | 46.5(19.4) | 48.2(20.3) | .002 | .008* | .08 | 8.3 |
| SF-36 PCS1 | 50.4(6.5) | 49.1(6.8) | 50.2(6.7) | 50.6(7.2) | .07 | .14 | .03 | 1.6 |
| SF-36 MCS1 | 37.9(9.6) | 44.3(9.8) | 40.0(10.6) | 40.3(11.5) | .00003 | .001** | .13 | −5.7 |
| PSQI | 8.5(3.3) | 6.9(3.0) | 8.4(3.2) | 7.6(3.0) | .08 | .16 | .02 | 0.8 |
| MAAS1 | 51.8(10.2) | 57.6(10.1) | 51.5(12.1) | 54.8(11.2) | .05 | .14 | .03 | −2.6 |
| KIMS-NJ1 | 30.1(6.5) | 32.9(6.0) | 29.5(7.0) | 30.5(7.9) | .06 | .14 | .03 | −2.0 |
|
| ||||||||
| Cognitive | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Letter Number Sequencing1 | 10.9(2.3) | 11.5(2.7) | 11.3(2.7) | 11.6(2.7) | .61 | .69 | .00 | −0.2 |
| Letter fluency1 | 48.0(14.3) | 46.9(13.4) | 47.0(14.2) | 49.5(14.2) | .13 | .23 | .03 | 3.2 |
| Category fluency | 21.4(5.9) | 16.5(4.7) | 21.4(5.6) | 17.0(4.1) | .88 | .94 | .00 | 0.6 |
| Stroop CW condition1 | 44.3(8.4) | 46.4(7.6) | 47.1(9.3) | 49.1(7.5) | .37 | .48 | .01 | 1.1 |
| Stroop CW interference | 49.0(8.3) | 48.8(7.0) | 46.6(9.8) | 49.5(6.8) | .38 | .48 | .01 | 1.3 |
| Word list- delayed | 6.8(2.0) | 7.5(1.8) | 6.8(2.0) | 7.3(1.9) | .40 | .49 | .01 | −0.2 |
| Choice RT (msec)1 | 470(67) | 462(70) | 463(70) | 465(59) | .21 | .33 | .01 | 7.3 |
| Simple RT (msec)1 | 270(46) | 267(43) | 272(43) | 279(40) | .07 | .14 | .03 | 10.0 |
| Flanker RT Incongruent (msec) | 753(107) | 703(119) | 792(165) | 726(148) | .37 | .4 | .01 | −3.6 |
|
| ||||||||
| Physiological | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Respiration rate 1st five mins | 14.3(2.9) | 13.5(3.0) | 14.1(2.9) | 14.2(2.7) | .10 | .18 | .03 | 0.7 |
| Respiration rate 2nd five mins | 14.6(2.9) | 13.7(3.1) | 14.2(2.8) | 14.5(2.6) | .05 | .09 | .04 | 0.9 |
| Respiration rate 3rd five mins | 14.8(2.8) | 13.9(3.3) | 13.9(2.9) | 14.8(2.8) | .005 | .01* | .09 | 1.5 |
| CAR1 | .17(.21) | .13(.20) | .05(.46) | .12(.24) | .98 | .99 | .00 | −.01 |
| Cortisol slope1 | −.18(.27) | −.23(.14) | −.26(.20) | −.18(.83) | .07 | .14 | .03 | 0.1 |
| Systolic bp | 133(20) | 128(20) | 130(19) | 128(16) | .33 | .44 | .01 | 1.5 |
| Diastolic bp | 81(13) | 80(11) | 80(12) | 80(10) | .33 | .44 | .01 | 0.5 |
| Heart rate | 70(12) | 69(12) | 68(10) | 68(10) | .73 | .80 | .00 | 0.4 |
| HRV SDRR (msec) | 42(21) | 46(19) | 41(24) | 46(20) | .99 | .99 | .00 | 0.0 |
| HRV LF/HF ratio1 | 1.9(1.5) | 3.2(3.1) | 2.5(2.1) | 3.0(1.9) | .29 | .43 | .01 | −0.5 |
Note. Untransformed mean (standard deviation) of outcomes at the two visits by group. For ANCOVA group effect, there are unadjusted (unadj.) p values, FDR adjusted p values across all outcomes, partial eta squared effect size, and adjusted mean difference at Visit 2 (waitlist – MM). The number of participants for most analyses is 128. For FDR p values, * p<.05 and ** p<.005.
MM = mindfulness meditation intervention group; Unadj = unadjusted; FDR = False Discovery Rate; NEO = Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Personality Inventory (-N = Neuroticism; -A = Agreeableness; C=Conscientiousness; -E = Extraversion; -O = Openness); PSS = Perceived Stress Scale; CESD = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; PANAS = Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (-neg = Negative Affect; -pos = Positive Affect); GPSE = General Perceived Self-Efficacy; SF-36 = Short Form 36-item health-related quality of life; PCS = Physical Component Summary Score; MCS = Mental Component Summary Score; PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory; MAAS = Mindful Attention Awareness Scale; KIMS-NJ = Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills—Non-Judgmental Factor; CW = Color Word; msec = milliseconds; RT = reaction time; mins = minutes; CAR = Cortisol Awakening Response; bp = blood pressure; HRV = Heart Rate Variability; SDRR = Standard Deviation of Inter-Beat Interval; LF = Low Frequency; HF = High Frequency.
Statistical transformation was used.