Fig 4. NF-kB/AP-1 expression in HEK reporter cells carrying individual TLRs after stimulation with intact casein protein or hydrolysate.

Intact casein stimulated TLR2, 3, 4, 5 and 9. The TLR activating capacity was completely lost after more extensive hydrolysis. Significant differences compared to the negative control were determined by using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Dunn’s test and indicated by *.