Table 1. Patient baseline characteristics by CTOI.
| All (N = 291) |
CTOI <15% (N = 84) |
CTOI 15–50% (N = 159) |
CTOI >50% (N = 48) |
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) or median (interquartile range) | |||||
| Age (years)a | 75.0 (69.0; 81.0) | 77.0 (70.0; 82.0) | 74.0 (70.0; 83.0) | 72.5 (67.0; 76.5) | 0.01 |
| Female sex | 138 (47) | 45 (54) | 67 (42) | 26 (54) | 0.14 |
| Type of PE | 0.03 | ||||
| Unprovokedb | 177 (61) | 42 (50) | 102 (64) | 33 (69) | |
| Provokedc | 69 (24) | 28 (33) | 29 (18) | 12 (25) | |
| Cancer-relatedd | 45 (15) | 14 (17) | 28 (18) | 3 (6) | |
| BMI (kg/m2)a | 26.7 (24.2; 30.1) | 26.2 (24.2; 29.4) | 26.4 (23.9; 29.7) | 29.1 (25.2; 33.7) | 0.01 |
| Prior VTE | 81 (28) | 17 (20) | 46 (29) | 18 (38) | 0.09 |
| Arterial hypertension | 192 (66) | 53 (63) | 104 (65) | 35 (73) | 0.51 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 39 (13) | 12 (14) | 17 (11) | 10 (21) | 0.19 |
| Acute or chronic heart failuree | 39 (13) | 11 (13) | 24 (15) | 4 (8) | 0.48 |
| Chronic pulmonary diseasef | 45 (15) | 17 (20) | 20 (13) | 8 (17) | 0.28 |
| Cerebrovascular diseaseg | 23 (8) | 6 (7) | 13 (8) | 4 (8) | 0.95 |
| Chronic liver diseaseh | 3 (1) | 0 | 3 (2) | 0 | 0.28 |
| Chronic renal failurei | 39 (13) | 11 (13) | 21 (13) | 7 (15) | 0.97 |
| Type of initial parenteral AC | 0.78 | ||||
| Unfractionated heparin | 104 (36) | 27 (32) | 59 (37) | 18 (38) | |
| Low-molecular-weight heparin | 152 (52) | 47 (56) | 83 (52) | 22 (46) | |
| Fondaparinux | 27 (9) | 8 (10) | 12 (8) | 7 (15) | |
| No parenteral AC | 8 (3) | 2 (2) | 5 (3) | 1 (2) | |
| Duration of AC (months) | 17.1 (6.3; 34.4) | 8.3 (5.6; 29.0) | 20.1 (6.8; 35.3) | 26.9 (8.1; 37.7) | 0.003 |
| Use of inferior vena cava filter | 7 (2) | 3 (4) | 2 (1) | 2 (4) | 0.37 |
| Thrombolysis | 19 (7) | 1 (1) | 9 (6) | 9 (19) | <0.001 |
| Massive PEj | 6 (2) | 1 (1) | 3 (2) | 2 (4) | 0.50 |
| PESI (points) | 97 (83; 115) | 96 (83; 116) | 97 (84; 116) | 88 (77; 110) | 0.08 |
| RV/LV diameter ratio | 1.1 (0.9; 1.3) | 1.0 (0.9; 1.1) | 1.1 (0.9; 1.3) | 1.3 (1.1; 1.6) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: CTOI, computed tomography obstruction index; PE, pulmonary embolism; DVT, deep vein thrombosis; BMI, body mass index; VTE, venous thromboembolism; AC, anticoagulation; PESI, Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index; RV, right ventricular; LV, left ventricular.
aAt the time of the index VTE.
bUnprovoked PE was defined as PE in the absence of immobilization, major surgery, oral oestrogen therapy, or active cancer during the last three months before index PE.
cMajor surgery, oestrogen therapy, immobilization (fracture or cast of the lower extremity, bed rest >72 hours, or voyage in sitting position for >6 hours) during the last 3 months before index PE.
dCancer requiring surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or palliative care during the last 3 months before index PE.
eSystolic or diastolic heart failure, left or right heart failure, forward or backward heart failure, or a known left ventricular ejection fraction of <40%.
fChronic obstructive pulmonary disease, active asthma, lung fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, or bronchiectasis.
gHistory of ischemic or haemorrhagic stroke with hemiparesis, hemiplegia, or paraplegia at the time of screening.
hLiver cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, chronic liver failure or hemochromatosis. Fatty liver was not considered a chronic liver disease.
iChronic renal failure requiring or not haemodialysis such as diabetic or hypertensive nephropathy, chronic glomerulonephritis, chronic interstitial nephritis, myeloma-related nephropathy, or cystic kidney disease.
jDefined as systolic blood pressure of <90 mm Hg at the time of PE diagnosis.