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. 2017 Jun 8;7:3057. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-03130-z

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Indoxyl sulfate (IS) is a potent agonist for the AhR on human monocytes. (A) Purified monocytes from HCs were treated with IS at the indicated concentration for 24 hr, and the expression of AhR responsive genes CYP1A1 (left panel) and CYP1B1 (right panel) were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. TCDD was used as a positive agonist control. (B) Western blot analysis of AhR in monocytes freshly isolated from peripheral blood of HCs (n = 3). (C) CD14⁺ monocytes were freshly isolated from ESRD patients (n = 4) and age-matched HCs (n = 4) and the expression of AhR mRNA was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. (D) Monocytes isolated from healthy controls were treated with 30% (v/v) of the indicated sera for 24 hr and CYP1B1 mRNA expression was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. Expression of β-actin was used as a normalization control (A, C and D). Bar graphs show the mean ± SEM of five (A) or four (D) independent experiments. *p < 0.05: compared to no treatment group and HCs by two-tailed paired (A and D) and unpaired t-test (C), respectively.