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. 2017 Jun 8;7:3052. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-03164-3

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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G6pd is associated with CSC-like characteristics of Ymac-1. (A) Determination of G6pd mRNA expression in normal liver (N, n = 4), HCC tissues from Gnmt−/− mice (T, n = 4) and Ymac-1 cells. (B) Determination of G6pd mRNA expression in G6pd knockdown (shG6pd-1 and shG6pd-2) and control (shLacZ) Ymac-1 cells. (C) Proliferation assay of cells in (B). ns, non-significant using one-ANOVA test. (D–E) mRNA expression levels of CSC (CD13, CD90 and CD133) and EMT (Snail, Slug and N-cad) markers in G6pd knockdown cells. (F) Sphere-forming efficiency of G6pd knockdown Ymac-1 cells. n = 4. Bar: 50 μm. (G) Tumorigenicity of G6pd knockdown Ymac-1 cells. n = 8 Bar: 50 mm. Data is presented as mean ± s.d. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001, using Student’s t-test.