Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the NGT, T2DM, prediabetes, and FDR participants.
| Variable | NGT (n = 99) | Prediabetes | T2DM (n = 99) | FDRs (n = 99) | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I − IGT (n = 82) | I − IFG (n = 66) | IFG + IGT (n = 71) | |||||
| Age (years) | 57.328 (51.712, 62.189) | 57.466 (49.370, 66.127) | 57.268 (51.794, 65.745) | 62.101 (55.383, 70.332)** | 55.603 (51.810, 62.751) | 50.000 (44.000, 54.000)** | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.298 ± 2.974 | 25.148 ± 3.736 | 25.073 ± 2.840 | 25.179 ± 3.944 | 25.296 ± 2.978 | 24.014 ± 2.534** | 0.039 |
| Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 121.583 (116.250, 135.250) | 130.000 (120.000, 142.000) | 134.000 (123.000, 150,000)** | 130.000 (124.000, 140.000)** | 140.000 (120.333, 143.333)** | 120.000 (110.000, 130.000)* | <0.001 |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 80.000 (75.000, 84.625) | 80.000 (77.292, 88.500) | 83.333 (80.000, 90.000)** | 82.000 (80.000, 90.000)** | 80.667 (80.000, 90.000)** | 80.000 (70.000, 84.000) | <0.001 |
| Waist Circumference (cm) | 83.171 ± 8.294 | 84.320 ± 8.565 | 84.809 ± 7.297 | 85.576 ± 7.566 | 86.354 ± 9.044 | 81.378 ± 8.636 | 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mM) | 5.022 ± 0.882 | 4.959 ± 0.942 | 5.153 ± 1.076 | 5.474 ± 1.054 | 5.486 ± 0.969** | 4.890 ± 0.964 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mM) | 1.600 (1.030, 2.100) | 1.520 (0.950, 2.198) | 1.365 (1.045, 1.860) | 1.750 (1.210, 2.440) | 1.750 (1.180, 2.740)* | 1.050 (0.750, 1.580)** | <0.001 |
| HDL-c (mM) | 1.301 ± 0.329 | 1.236 ± 0.291 | 1.302 ± 0.245 | 1.260 ± 0.299 | 1.324 ± 0.323 | 1.237 ± 0.247 | 0.193 |
| LDL-c (mM) | 3.140 ± 0.642 | 3.078 ± 0.882 | 3.067 ± 0.832 | 3.399 ± 0.848 | 3.18 ± 0.793 | 2.799 ± 0.716** | <0.001 |
| Free fatty acids (mM) | 0.124 (0.081, 0.156) | 0.515 (0.413, 0.639)** | 0.452 (0.304, 0.603)** | 0.472 (0.376, 0.650) | 0.490 (0.373, 0.660)** | 0.350 (0.235, 0.460)** | <0.001 |
| FPG (mM) | 5.020 (4.640, 5.390) | 5.370 (5.200, 5.500)** | 6.190 (5.868, 6.383)** | 6.300 (6.100, 6.470)** | 7.040 (6.100, 7.580)** | 5.160 (4.900, 5.400)* | <0.001 |
| 2hPG (mM) | 5.970 (4.900, 6.820) | 8.755 (8.228, 9.415)** | 6.370 (5.578, 6.983) | 8.680 (8.240, 9.430)** | 12.340 (11.275, 14.703)** | 6.00 (5.400, 6.800) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.600 (5.400, 5.900) | 5.500 (5.275, 5.800) | 5.600 (5.375, 5.800) | 5.900 (5.600, 6.200)** | 6.200 (5.800, 6.700)** | 5.400 (5.200, 5.700)* | <0.001 |
| FINS (mU/L) | 5.660 (4.020, 7.960) | 7.620 (5.100, 10.245)* | 8.260 (5.455, 10.400)** | 7.040 (5.393, 10.198)** | 7.780 (4.830, 11.060)** | 7.030 (5.610, 9.210)* | 0.034 |
| 2hINS (mU/L) | 26.330 (13.590, 47.250) | 66.695 (47.088, 97.593)** | 35.155 (21.668, 55.218) | 56.350 (41.520, 97.715)** | 51.350 (30.980, 94.020)** | 35.595 (24.158, 55.818)* | <0.001 |
| HOMA-β | 77.561 (52.129, 122.743) | 80.976 (55.170, 112.852) | 57.323 (39.476, 80.030)** | 50.478 (41.095, 73.958)** | 47.784 (31.815, 83.400)** | 88.429 (65.645, 114.021) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.260 (0.898, 1.891) | 1.746 (1.158, 2.388)** | 2.279 (1.575, 2.951)** | 1.986 (1.493, 3.002)** | 2.363 (1.566, 3.568)** | 1.592 (1.262, 2.201)* | <0.001 |
| Stumvoll 1st phase insulin secretion index | 1021.647 (870.920, 1206.340) | 832.922 (615.664, 1036.983)** | 695.297 (562.822, 953.991)** | 501.135 (363.275, 799.300)** | 400.669 (169.862, 688.011)** | 991.828 (868.158, 1182.782) | <0.001 |
| Stumvoll 2nd phase insulin secretion index | 268.441 (229.887, 314.435) | 219.005 (173.289, 292.632)** | 275.320 (225.513, 312.583) | 200.240 (152.351, 296.648)** | 181.988 (141.613, 292.209)** | 274.018 (241.702, 324.365) | <0.001 |
Data are presented as the means ± SD or medians (interquartile range).
*Significantly different vs. NGT at p < 0.05; **significantly different vs. NGT at p < 0.01.
HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; 2hPG: 2-h postprandial glucose; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1C; FINS: fasting insulin; 2hINS: 2-h postprandial insulin; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β: homeostasis model assessment-β.
The normal reference values are the following:
Total cholesterol: <6.20 mM; Triglycerides: 0–1.7 mM; HDL-c: 1.03–2.05 mM; LDL-c: 2.6–4.9 mM; Free fatty acids: 0.1–0.45 mM; FPG: 2.9–5.6 mM; 2hPG: 2.9–7.7 mM; HbA1c: 4–6.1%; FINS: 3–25 mU/L; After oral administration of 75 g of anhydrous glucose, plasma insulin rose to a peak in 30–60 minutes, the peak value was 5–10 times greater than that of the baseline value, and after 3–4 hours, it returned to the basic level.