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. 2017 Jun 5;8:15510. doi: 10.1038/ncomms15510

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Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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During spaced training, the shock perception is relayed to MB neurons by dopamine neurons through the activation of the dDA1/dopR (D1) receptor (46), and olfactory input is delivered from olfactory projection neurons through cholinergic signaling. The simultaneous perception of these two stimuli activates the calcium-dependent adenylyl-cyclase (AC) rutabaga. In parallel, the enhanced activity of MP1 neurons activates the DAMB (D5) receptor, which triggers an energy flow into MB neurons. This increased energy both launches and sustains processes that lead to the formation of LTM.