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. 2017 Jun 5;8:15705. doi: 10.1038/ncomms15705

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Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation results with VSim⁶³, showing snapshots of the driver beam (red) and the electric field E_z with on-axis lineout (blue solid line), electrostatic on-axis potential φ (black dashed line), and witness (purple) and escort bunch (green) longitudinal charge profiles. In (a) at z_acc=0.075 cm, the witness bunch is just being released by the laser pulse ionization front (not shown), in (b) at z_acc=1.6 cm, the witness is fully formed and accelerated to W≈500 MeV. In (c) at z_acc=1.65 cm, the escort bunch is released and begins to overload the wakefield, and in (d) at z_acc=2.4 cm, the escort bunch is fully trapped, overlaps with the witness bunch and has reversed the local accelerating field slope ΔE_z/Δz.