Table 2.

Clinical characteristics associated with high growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) levels (>66th percentile) using logistic regression

Variable	Unadjusted		Case mix adjusted
	OR (95% CI)	p value	OR (95% CI)	p value
Case mix characteristics
Age (Δ10 years)	1.57 (1.25–1.98)	<0.001	1.58 (1.23–2.02)	<0.001
Female	0.70 (0.39–1.28)	0.25	0.62 (0.33–1.19)	0.15
Black race	0.39 (0.20–0.77)	0.007	0.43 (0.17–1.07)	0.07
Hispanic	1.73 (0.96–3.12)	0.07	1.12 (0.48–2.58)	0.80
Diabetes	1.59 (0.88–2.88)	0.13	1.00 (0.49–2.02)	0.99
Dialysis vintage (Δ1 year)	0.97 (0.90–1.04)	0.40	0.99 (0.92–1.07)	0.79
Laboratory tests
Serum albumin, Δ0.5 g/dL	0.76 (0.49–1.17)	0.21	0.77 (0.47–1.26)	0.30
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.89 (0.80–0.98)	0.02	0.96 (0.85–1.10)	0.56
Phosphorus (mg/dL)	0.92 (0.75–1.11)	0.37	1.03 (0.84–1.27)	0.75
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	1.18 (0.89–1.57)	0.25	1.21 (0.88–1.68)	0.24
Body mass index	0.75 (0.58, 0.96)	0.02	0.75 (0.56, 0.99)	0.02
Normalized protein catabolic rate (g/kg/day)	1.05 (0.86, 1.28)	0.61	0.99 (0.78, 1.24)	0.90

Case mix analyses adjusted for age, sex, race, ethnicity, diabetes, and dialysis vintage. Bold values indicate significant associations with the highest GDF15 levels.