Table 4.
Associations of the Japanese diet score with nutrient intakes in young, middle-aged and older Japanese women*
(Regression coefficients with their standard errors)
| Young (n 3963) | Middle-aged (n 3800) | Older (n 2211) | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Original score† | Modified score‡ | Original score† | Modified score‡ | Original score† | Modified score‡ | |||||||||||||
| β§ | se | P | β§ | se | P | β§ | se | P | β§ | se | P | β§ | se | P | β§ | se | P | |
| Protein (% energy) | 0·06 | 0·02 | <0·0001 | 0·32 | 0·02 | <0·0001 | 0·01 | 0·02 | 0·69 | 0·30 | 0·02 | <0·0001 | −0·47 | 0·05 | <0·0001 | 0·15 | 0·04 | 0·001 |
| Total fat (% energy) | −0·91 | 0·06 | <0·0001 | −0·75 | 0·06 | <0·0001 | −0·93 | 0·06 | <0·0001 | −0·58 | 0·06 | <0·0001 | −0·79 | 0·07 | <0·0001 | −0·40 | 0·07 | <0·0001 |
| Saturated fat (% energy) | −0·43 | 0·02 | <0·0001 | −0·25 | 0·02 | <0·0001 | −0·32 | 0·02 | <0·0001 | −0·09 | 0·02 | <0·0001 | −0·19 | 0·02 | <0·0001 | −0·07 | 0·02 | 0·001 |
| Monounsaturated fat (% energy) | −0·32 | 0·03 | <0·0001 | −0·32 | 0·03 | <0·0001 | −0·38 | 0·03 | <0·0001 | −0·32 | 0·02 | <0·0001 | −0·32 | 0·03 | <0·0001 | −0·24 | 0·03 | <0·0001 |
| Polyunsaturated fat (% energy) | −0·04 | 0·02 | 0·02 | −0·09 | 0·02 | <0·0001 | −0·11 | 0·02 | <0·0001 | −0·12 | 0·02 | <0·0001 | −0·16 | 0·02 | <0·0001 | −0·06 | 0·02 | 0·003 |
| Carbohydrate (% energy) | 0·89 | 0·08 | <0·0001 | 0·51 | 0·07 | <0·0001 | 1·63 | 0·07 | <0·0001 | 0·95 | 0·07 | <0·0001 | 1·46 | 0·10 | <0·0001 | 0·63 | 0·10 | <0·0001 |
| Alcohol (% energy) | −0·019 | 0·007 | 0·006 | −0·018 | 0·006 | 0·005 | −0·66 | 0·04 | <0·0001 | −0·59 | 0·04 | <0·0001 | −0·24 | 0·03 | <0·0001 | −0·26 | 0·03 | <0·0001 |
| Dietary fibre (g/4184 kJ) | 0·34 | 0·02 | <0·0001 | 0·30 | 0·02 | <0·0001 | 0·36 | 0·02 | <0·0001 | 0·32 | 0·02 | <0·0001 | −0·06 | 0·03 | 0·05 | 0·42 | 0·03 | <0·0001 |
| Cholesterol (mg/4184 kJ) | −4·08 | 0·82 | <0·0001 | −1·77 | 0·76 | 0·02 | −5·15 | 0·63 | <0·0001 | −2·18 | 0·58 | 0·0002 | −13·55 | 1·06 | <0·0001 | −4·52 | 1·03 | <0·0001 |
| Na (mg/4184 kJ) | 38·94 | 7·01 | <0·0001 | −70·81 | 6·36 | <0·0001 | 32·10 | 7·01 | <0·0001 | −74·18 | 6·25 | <0·0001 | −67·57 | 7·36 | <0·0001 | −55·52 | 6·97 | <0·0001 |
| K (mg/4184 kJ) | 33·59 | 2·97 | <0·0001 | 63·55 | 2·58 | <0·0001 | 33·99 | 3·04 | <0·0001 | 60·09 | 2·62 | <0·0001 | −32·09 | 5·63 | <0·0001 | 83·23 | 5·05 | <0·0001 |
| Ca (mg/4184 kJ) | 8·55 | 1·02 | <0·0001 | 22·13 | 0·87 | <0·0001 | 9·97 | 1·02 | <0·0001 | 24·72 | 0·84 | <0·0001 | −6·63 | 1·60 | <0·0001 | 23·76 | 1·43 | <0·0001 |
| Mg (mg/4184 kJ) | 3·35 | 0·30 | <0·0001 | 5·05 | 0·26 | <0·0001 | 2·81 | 0·30 | <0·0001 | 4·44 | 0·27 | <0·0001 | −3·31 | 0·47 | <0·0001 | 5·37 | 0·43 | <0·0001 |
| Fe (mg/4184 kJ) | 0·03 | 0·01 | 0·001 | 0·05 | 0·01 | 0·02 | 0·06 | 0·01 | <0·0001 | 0·07 | 0·01 | <0·0001 | −0·18 | 0·02 | <0·0001 | 0·08 | 0·02 | <0·0001 |
| Vitamin A (μg/4184 kJ)‖ | 9·82 | 2·25 | <0·0001 | 19·36 | 2·05 | <0·0001 | 13·38 | 2·09 | <0·0001 | 20·89 | 1·87 | <0·0001 | −21·44 | 3·73 | <0·0001 | 14·19 | 3·53 | <0·0001 |
| Vitamin E (mg/4184 kJ)¶ | 0·04 | 0·01 | 0·0004 | 0·06 | 0·01 | <0·0001 | 0·03 | 0·01 | 0·02 | 0·05 | 0·01 | <0·0001 | −0·14 | 0·01 | <0·0001 | 0·05 | 0·01 | <0·0001 |
| Folate (μg/4184 kJ) | 6·17 | 0·56 | <0·0001 | 7·03 | 0·51 | <0·0001 | 6·29 | 0·53 | <0·0001 | 7·11 | 0·48 | <0·0001 | −6·51 | 1·05 | <0·0001 | 9·92 | 0·98 | <0·0001 |
| Vitamin C (mg/4184 kJ) | 3·23 | 0·25 | <0·0001 | 3·89 | 0·22 | <0·0001 | 3·67 | 0·25 | <0·0001 | 3·53 | 0·23 | <0·0001 | −0·57 | 0·44 | 0·24 | 6·55 | 0·39 | <0·0001 |
β, Regression coefficient.
Adjustment was made for survey year, residential block, size of residential area, weight status, current smoking, current alcohol drinking, dietary supplement use, medication use, physical activity and dietary reporting status. For young women, additional adjustment was made for living status and eating out. For middle-aged women, additional adjustment was made for eating out, occupation, education, current marital status and age. For older women, additional adjustment was made for living status, education, current marital status and age.
Recommended values (for the maximum score of 10) are as follows: grain dishes, 4–5 servings/7531 kJ; vegetable dishes, 5–6 servings/7531 kJ; fish and meat dishes, 3–4 servings/7531 kJ; milk, 2 servings/7531 kJ; fruits, 2 servings/7531 kJ; snacks and alcoholic beverages, <837 kJ of energy/7531 kJ. See Supplementary Table S1 for more details.
Recommended values (for the maximum score of 10) are as follows: grain dishes, ≥4 servings/7531 kJ; vegetable dishes, ≥5 servings/7531 kJ; fish and meat dishes, ≥3 servings/7531 kJ; milk, ≥2 servings/7531 kJ; fruits, ≥2 servings/7531 kJ; snacks and alcoholic beverages, <837 kJ of energy/7531 kJ; seasoning, <1389 mg of Na/7531 kJ. See Supplementary Table S1 for more details.
Regression coefficients mean the change of nutrient intakes with a five-point increase of the diet score.
Retinol equivalents.
α-Tocopherol.