Extended Data Figure 7. CCND2 is associated with both cycling and non-cycling stem/progenitor cells.

a, CCND2, but not CCND1 or CCND3, is upregulated in non-cycling stem-like oligodendroglioma cells. Shown are the average expression levels (y axis, log-scale) of three cyclin D genes (x axis) in non-cycling cells classified as OC-like cells (light blue), undifferentiated cells (grey) and stem-like cells (purple). CCND2 is approximately fourfold higher in stem-like non-cycling cells than in OC-like and undifferentiated cells (P < 0.001 by permutation test). Conversely, CCND1 and CCND3 are expressed at comparable levels in stem-like and OC-like cells. b, Upregulation of cyclin D genes in cycling cells compared to non-cycling cells. As in a but for up regulation (log₂-ratio) in cycling cells vs. non-cycling cells. CCND2 levels further increase in cycling undifferentiated and stem-like cells but not in OC-like cells, whereas CCND1 and CCND3 levels increase in OC-like cycling cells more than in undifferentiated and stem-like cycling cells. c, Distinct expression patterns of cyclin D genes in human brain development. Shown are the expression patterns of three cyclin D genes (rows) in human brain samples at different points in pre- and post-natal development, sorted by age (columns) from the Allen Brain Atlas¹⁵. CCND2 is associated with prenatal samples, whereas CCND1 and CCND3 are expressed mostly in childhood and adult samples. d, CCND2 is upregulated in activated versus quiescent NSCs¹⁹, both among cycling and non-cycling cells. Activated NSCs were partitioned into non-cycling cells (black) and cycling cells in the G1/S (green) or G2/M (red) phases (Methods). Expression difference (y axis) for each of three genes (x axis) was quantified for each of these subsets as the log₂-ratio of the average expression in the respective subset versus the quiescent NSCs, and was significant for each of the three subsets (P < 0.05 by permutation test). Although CCND2 (left) is induced in both cycling and non-cycling activated NSCs, two canonical cell cycle genes (PCNA, middle; and AURKB, right) are not induced in non-cycling genes but were induced preferentially in G1/S and G2/M cells, respectively.