Characterization of uniformity perpendicular to the gradient by AFM. Young’s moduli measured with AFM in multiple planes perpendicular to the stiffness gradient axis on hydrogels of indicated stiffness strengths (0.5, 1.7, and 2.9 kPa/mm). Blue, low-stiffness; green, mid-stiffness; red, high-stiffness ranges of each PA hydrogel.