Table 2.
Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for caffeinated coffee consumption and Parkinson’s disease in PASIDA, by ADORA2A and CYP1A2 genotypes
| Caffeinated coffee | Homozygous Major | Heterozygous | Homozygous Minor | OR interaction | p-value | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Cases | Controls | cOR | 95% CI | Cases | Controls | cOR | 95% CI | Cases | Controls | cOR | 95% CI | |||
| Incident and prevalent cases: 1324 cases, 1429 controlsa | ||||||||||||||
| ADORA2A rs5760423 | ||||||||||||||
| Cups/day, mean ± SD b | 4.1±2.7 | 4.5±2.8 | 0.94 | 0.90–0.99 | 4.2±2.9 | 4.6±2.8 | 0.95 | 0.91–0.99 | 4.4±4.1 | 4.6±2.6 | 0.98 | 0.92–1.04 | 1.02(0.98–1.06) | 0.28 |
| Light (0,<=median cupyears) | 276 | 262 | 1 | -- | 383 | 362 | 1 | -- | 143 | 118 | 1 | -- | -- | |
| Heavy (>median cupyears) | 179 | 213 | 0.81 | 0.62–1.05 | 244 | 334 | 0.68 | 0.55–0.86 | 91 | 132 | 0.54 | 0.37–0.78 | 0.85(0.68–1.06) | 0.14 |
| CYP1A2 rs762551 | ||||||||||||||
| Cups/day, mean ± SD b | 4.3±2.9 | 4.6±2.8 | 0.96 | 0.93–1.00 | 4.2±3.5 | 4.6±2.7 | 0.96 | 0.92–1.00 | 3.7±2.3 | 4.1±2.7 | 0.91 | 0.81–1.03 | 0.99(0.94–1.03) | 0.62 |
| Light (0,<=median cupyears) | 444 | 404 | 1 | -- | 299 | 283 | 1 | -- | 61 | 54 | 1 | -- | -- | |
| Heavy (>median cupyears) | 306 | 375 | 0.74 | 0.60–0.91 | 175 | 253 | 0.65 | 0.50–0.84 | 36 | 49 | 0.58 | 0.32–1.05 | 0.91(0.71–1.16) | 0.45 |
| CYP1A2 rs2472304 | ||||||||||||||
| Cups/day, mean ± SD b | 4.3±2.9 | 4.6±2.8 | 0.96 | 0.92–1.00 | 4.2±3.5 | 4.5±2.7 | 0.96 | 0.93–1.00 | 3.9±2.4 | 4.3±2.7 | 0.93 | 0.84–1.02 | 1.00(0.95–1.04) | 0.85 |
| Light (0,<=median cupyears) | 382 | 339 | 1 | -- | 333 | 317 | 1 | -- | 85 | 87 | 1 | -- | -- | |
| Heavy (>median cupyears) | 266 | 328 | 0.71 | 0.57–0.89 | 197 | 287 | 0.66 | 0.52–0.84 | 54 | 67 | 0.77 | 0.47–1.25 | 1.01(0.80–1/27) | 0.93 |
| Incident cases only: 480 cases, 515 controls a | ||||||||||||||
| ADORA2A rs5760423 | ||||||||||||||
| Cups/day, mean ± SD b | 4.6±2.7 | 4.6±2.9 | 0.99 | 0.92–1.07 | 4.4±3.1 | 4.6±2.3 | 0.97 | 0.91–1.05 | 4.2±2.3 | 4.5±2.2 | 0.93 | 0.81–1.08 | 0.98(0.91–1.05) | 0.55 |
| Light (0,<=median cupyears) | 83 | 91 | 1 | -- | 127 | 110 | 1 | -- | 42 | 35 | 1 | -- | -- | |
| Heavy (>median cupyears) | 94 | 90 | 1.10 | 0.72–1.68 | 95 | 131 | 0.63 | 0.44–0.92 | 37 | 57 | 0.58 | 0.30–1.09 | 0.66(0.46–0.94) | 0.02 |
| CYP1A2 rs762551 | ||||||||||||||
| Cups/day, mean ± SD b | 4.6±2.9 | 4.5±2.5 | 1.01 | 0.94–1.07 | 4.5±2.8 | 4.8±2.6 | 0.95 | 0.88–1.04 | 3.3±1.8 | 3.7±1.9 | 0.84 | 0.62–1.14 | 0.95(0.87–1.03) | 0.20 |
| Light (0,<=median cupyears) | 144 | 132 | 1 | -- | 91 | 84 | 1 | -- | 17 | 19 | 1 | -- | -- | |
| Heavy (>median cupyears) | 133 | 156 | 0.79 | 0.57–1.11 | 80 | 104 | 0.72 | 0.47–1.10 | 14 | 15 | 0.73 | 0.25–2.12 | 1.03(0.69–1.54) | 0.89 |
| CYP1A2 rs2472304 | ||||||||||||||
| Cups/day, mean ± SD b | 4.6±3.0 | 4.6±2.6 | 1.00 | 0.94–1.07 | 4.4±2.8 | 4.7±2.5 | 0.97 | 0.90–1.05 | 3.7±2.0 | 4.3±2.5 | 0.84 | 0.69–1.03 | 0.95(0.88–1.03) | 0.21 |
| Light (0,<=median cupyears) | 118 | 109 | 1 | -- | 110 | 98 | 1 | -- | 24 | 27 | 1 | -- | -- | |
| Heavy (>median cupyears) | 116 | 142 | 0.76 | 0.53–1.10 | 86 | 115 | 0.68 | 0.46–1.01 | 24 | 21 | 1.04 | 0.44–2.48 | 1.12(0.77–1.65) | 0.54 |
| Prevalent cases only: 844 cases, 914 controls a | ||||||||||||||
| ADORA2A rs5760423 | ||||||||||||||
| Cups/day, mean ± SD b | 3.8±2.6 | 4.4±2.7 | 0.90 | 0.85–0.97 | 4.0±2.7 | 4.6±3.0 | 0.94 | 0.89–0.99 | 4.5±4.9 | 4.6±2.8 | 0.99 | 0.93–1.05 | 1.05(1.00–1.09) | 0.05 |
| Light (0,<=median cupyears) | 193 | 171 | 1 | -- | 223 | 219 | 1 | -- | 61 | 60 | 1 | -- | -- | |
| Heavy (>median cupyears) | 85 | 123 | 0.63 | 0.45–0.90 | 111 | 172 | 0.71 | 0.53–0.95 | 30 | 46 | 0.53 | 0.33–0.86 | 1.01(0.76–1.34) | 0.94 |
| CYP1A2 rs762551 | ||||||||||||||
| Cups/day, mean ± SD b | 4.1±2.8 | 4.6±3.0 | 0.94 | 0.89–0.98 | 4.1±3.8 | 4.4±2.8 | 0.96 | 0.91–1.02 | 3.8±2.5 | 4.3±3.0 | 0.93 | 0.81–1.06 | 1.01(0.96–1.07) | 0.73 |
| Light (0,<=median cupyears) | 300 | 272 | 1 | -- | 208 | 199 | 1 | -- | 44 | 35 | 1 | -- | -- | |
| Heavy (>median cupyears) | 173 | 219 | 0.71 | 0.54–0.93 | 95 | 149 | 0.62 | 0.44–0.86 | 22 | 34 | 0.49 | 0.24–1.01 | 0.85(0.63–1.16) | 0.31 |
| CYP1A2 rs2472304 | ||||||||||||||
| Cups/day, mean ± SD b | 4.1±2.8 | 4.6±3.0 | 0.93 | 0.88–0.98 | 4.1±3.8 | 4.5±2.8 | 0.96 | 0.92–1.01 | 4.0±2.5 | 4.3±2.9 | 0.95 | 0.86–1.07 | 1.01(0.97–1.07) | 0.48 |
| Light (0,<=median cupyears) | 264 | 230 | 1 | -- | 223 | 219 | 1 | -- | 61 | 60 | 1 | -- | -- | |
| Heavy (>median cupyears) | 150 | 186 | 0.68 | 0.51–0.91 | 111 | 172 | 0.65 | 0.48–0.89 | 30 | 46 | 0.63 | 0.35–1.15 | 0.94(0.70–1.25) | 0.66 |
cOR = “crude” OR, i.e. adjusted only for the covariates year of birth, gender and onset/index age (continuous); p for interaction [coffee *genotype] based on chi-square test with df=1 (additive genetic model)
a
Subjects with missing coffee information or SNP data were excluded..
b
Coffee non-drinkers were excluded [9].